journal6 ›› 2010, Vol. 0 ›› Issue (3): 106-115.
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Abstract: The Qing dynasty distinguished the Mongolia,Xinjiang,Tibet frontier ethnic areas from the foreign countries beyond it borders viewing them as two different categories of internal and external suzerains. The Qing dynasty establishes the annual pilgrimage system for the internal suzerains and continued the previously established tributary system for the external suzerains. This was the essential difference between the two systems.
摘要: 清朝视国内的蒙古、新疆、西藏等边疆民族地区以及境外的国家为"外藩",这可以划分为"内属外藩"和"境外外藩"两大层次。清朝针对内属外藩,创建了边疆民族首领朝觐年班制度;针对境外外藩,清朝延续前代实施了朝贡制度,两者有本质的区别。
ZHANG Shuang-Zhi. The Annual Pilgrimages and the Tribute System of External Vassal States in the Qing Dynasty[J]. journal6, 2010, 0(3): 106-115.
张双智. 清朝外藩体制内的朝觐年班与朝贡制度[J]. journal6, 2010, 0(3): 106-115.
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http://qsyj.ruc.edu.cn/EN/Y2010/V0/I3/106