Abstract:

In order to deal with the impact on the official selection system that the group recommendation and donation methods of appointment had during the suppression of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the Tongzhi-Guangxu period, the Qing Dynasty formulated the “expired screening system” which had the dual functions of assessment and reduction. This was an attempt to reconstruct the official selection system together with the division of ranks and vacancies. Afterwards, when the donation system was suspended, the orientation of expired screening system gradually shifted from screening to elimination. There were differences among provinces in the targets of screening, the methods used, and the follow-up measures. The expired screening system evolved over time, and its actual effect was not good. This reflected the differences between the efficacies of the orthodox and irregular methods of recruitment, as well as the differences between the imperial examination based on ability and the recommendation and the donation methods. It was difficult for the Qing Dynasty to reconstruct effective standards and assessment methods equivalent to the imperial examinations.The actual reason lies in the lack of reliable measures to deal with the aftermath of the group recommendation and donation methods, as well as the actual demand for the system of recommendation and donation, which meant that the Qing Dynasty's efforts to reconstruct the selection system were frustrated.

摘要：

同光时期，为了应对军兴以来的保举、捐纳官员群体对铨选制度的冲击，清朝制定兼具考核与裁汰功能的期满甄别制度，与划分班次、缺分一并作为重建铨选制度的尝试。此后，受停捐纳、暂停分发影响，期满甄别定位的侧重从考核逐渐转向裁汰。各省在甄别对象、方法以及后续对待措施等方面存在歧异，制度几经变化，实际效果不佳。这反映了在正途、异途截然分别的仕途关系以及时人对科举、保举、捐纳人员的才能认识变化之后，清朝难以重建一致、有效的才能认定标准与考核方式。这意味着清朝重建铨选制度努力的挫折。其实际原因在于清朝对于保举、捐纳人员缺乏可靠的善后措施，以及清朝对保举、捐纳制度的现实需求。