主管：教育部
主办：中国人民大学
ISSN 1002-8587  CN 11-2765/K
国家社科基金资助期刊
Studies in Qing History

Studies in Qing History

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Documentation and Legal Process in the Qing Dynasty: A Case Study

SHI Zhiqiang   

  1. East China University of Political Science and Law

冤案何以产生：清代的司法档案与审转制度

史志强   

  1. 华东政法大学法律学院
  • 作者简介:史志强（1988 －），男，华东政法大学法律学院特聘副研究员，上海 200042；shi. zhiqiang@outlook. com
  • 基金资助:

    本文受华东政法大学法律学院资助项目和日本りそなアジア·オセアニア财团调查研究助成资助。

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Abstract:

Rusong’s wife went missing in 1730, and Rusong was accused of killing his wife. Afterlengthy trials and retrials, just as Rusong was about to be executed for murder in 1735, his wife’s sudden reappearance proved his innocence. Employing a set of newly found materials on this case, this paper presents the routine flow of documents inside the bureaucracy and shows how the discourses on the crime were produced, fabricated and modified by bureaucratic texts through procedures, techniques and collusion. Moreover, this paper finds the judicial responsibility and the informal mechanism among the superior officials and local officials undermined the efficacy of judicial review system.

摘要：

雍正年间，涂如松在妻子失踪后被诬杀妻，经过数年审理，在死刑就要执行之际，涂妻重现人间。利用新发现的史料，可以看出各级官员的拟判中对于涂如松杀妻案的构建、修饰和完善的过程。究其原因，司法责任制度的存在使得基层官员倾向于维护自己的错误，上层官员为了规避责任也很少亲提亲审而是不断地指令再审。审转制度实际上存在各级官员的共谋，通过各种信息沟通机制，基层官员在做出拟判前就会征询上司意见，逐层审转难免流于形式。此外，由于缺乏过程史料，省级官员汇报给中央的题本长久以来作为法史研究的基础材料广为使用。而省以下各级官员对于拟判的加工修饰，提醒人们反思档案材料的性质。