京债,又名官债,在中国历史上主要指官员在京城所借的高利贷。官员借贷京债现象在清代尤为严重,从而引起了朝野的广泛关注。虽自顺治朝即颁布法令严禁,但除了乾隆朝一度出台的收效甚微的预借养廉银政策外,有清一朝并无其他解决措施。清廷接二连三的禁令,正是京债泛滥与失控的映射。清代京债的年利率以100%以上为常态,利息高达本金数倍者亦不在少数。虽然研究者认为清代普通高利贷资本的利率有一个逐渐降低的过程,但京债的利率并未显著降低,这正突出了京债的独特性。债官外任,迫于超高利息的债务,不挪用公帑,则朘削民脂,更有带同债主赴任管事而伙同为奸者,由此造成了地方吏治的腐败。
Abstract
“Capital debt，”also named“official indebtedness，”mainly refers to the usurious loans to expectant officials incurred while awaiting appointment in Beijing. In the Qing Dynasty，usurious borrowing by officials in the Beijing was serious，and it caused widespread concerns both in the government and among the public. To solve this problem，the central government not only frequently demanded a halt to the practice，but also repeatedly introduced legislation to curtail it. In the reign of Emperor Qianlong，the central government allowed officials to borrow against future income，but with little success. During the Qing Dynasty，the“capital debt" was at an annual rate of more than one hundred percent under normal circumstances，sometimes it was even higher Researchers think that the interest rates on ordinary usury underwent a process of gradual reduction during the Qing dynasty，but there was no significant reduction in interest rates on“capital debt，”which highlighted this type of debt’s uniqueness. When indebted officials served in local government，under the pressure of the high interest rate，they either appropriated public funds or exploited the people. Even more，some of them worked hand-in-glove with the creditors or clerks，which resulted in the corruption of the local administration.
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