15 May 2007, Volume 0 Issue 2

    

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  1748 Re-examined:Raison D’état and Policy Change Towards the Ever-Normal Granaries

  DENG Hai-Lun, WANG Jiang

  journal6. 2007, 0(2): 1-11.

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  The present article attempts a re-examination of the great debate of 1748 on grain prices. It points out that the court’s position-that the expansion of the ever-normal granaries’reserves was to blame for the on-going inflation in the price of grain-does not necessarily fit the facts. When the emperor decreed, in August 1748, that the provincial storage targets should all revert to the“old levels of the Kangxi and Yongzheng periods, ”this decision cannot be considered a reflection of the consensus of the provincial governors and governors-general. Not only were there differences of opinion among the provincial chief administrators; the crudeness of the emperor’s indiscriminate order makes the reader suspect that he may have had an ulterior motive. If one reads between the lines of the January 1749 report that recommended that the nationwide storage target be cut to 33. 79 million shi, it is not hard to discern that the report’s authors did not object to finding opportunities to save funds. It is entirely possible that these fiscal considerations had some connection with the first Jinchuan campaign.
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  Benefit the Neighbors:County Relations during the Development of Irrigation in Northern Henan Province in Ming-Qing

  XIE Shi

  journal6. 2007, 0(2): 12-27.

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  Combining documentary research and primary fieldwork, this article focuses on the development of irrigation in Jiyuan and He’nei counties in northern Henan Province during the Ming and Qing dynasties1 The article addresses the institutional transformation and social changes that arose from the interactions between county governments and local dignitaries, the effects on canal technology, and the benefits of irrigation and agricultural development that the reformation of the water -control system brought about during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries1 Suggesting a dynamic examination of the extension of regional spatial relations, the author forsakes structural analysis models such as the water-control community argument, and p refers a broader yardstick to measure the social history of water resources in North Chinal.
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  European Views of the Nature of Qing Government in the Eighteenth Century:Some Notes on Du Halde’s Descriptions of non-Han groups in Southwest China

  WU Li-Wei

  journal6. 2007, 0(2): 28-38.

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  Jean Bap tistéDu Halde’s Description ? de l’em pire de la Chine et de la Tartarie chinoise ( Paris, 1735) was a major source on China for European1 Du Halde’s work included introductions of non-Han group s in the southwest China that emphasized a tense situation between non-Han group s and the central government, stressed the contemptuous attitudes of Han toward non-Han groups, and defined the non-Han regions as colonies of the Qing government1 The colonial nature of the southwest China was clearly delineated in the attached maps. These Jesuitmaps probably influenced both eighteenth-century and modern Western scholars’understandings of the Qing government1 This essay analyses reasons for these clearly different political conceptions of southwest China between Jesuits and Chinese, and suggests that Western scholars’colonial perspective may offer some valuable lessons for Chinese scholars’studying the formation of China as a nation.
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  京控|云南回民|杜文秀|林则徐

  LI Dian-Rong

  journal6. 2007, 0(2): 39-53.

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  Du Wenxiu appeal to Beijing was one of the most important capital appeal cases made by the Hui people in Qing dynasty. During Daoguang reign, several armed conflicts took place between Han and Hui in Baoshan County, Yunnan province, and local officials sided with the Han. Due to the local officials in justice in addressing the turmoil, the Hui people there had no choice but to appeal their case to Beijing. When the central government accepted the case, the emperor sent Lin Zexu, Governor of Yunnan- Guizhou to hand le it. On the basis of the principle. Do not distinguish Han or Hui, only distinguish between right and wrong. Lin Zexu dealt with the case impartially and the grievances of the Hui people were temporarily redressed. However, the corruption of local government, and the ethnic discrimination embedded in the local society were revealed with the unfolding of this case. On the basis of the Grand Council archives and other original archives of Taipei National Palace Museum, this article refines the historiography of ethnic oppression, and discusses the social, ethnic, legal problems of border areas in Qing dynasty from a new perspective.
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  The Establishment of Customs Duties in the Early Qing

  DENG Yi-Bing

  journal6. 2007, 0(2): 54-64.

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  From their establishment following the Ming to the modern functioning, research on the later Qing customs houses cannot over look the early Qing. A detailed analysis o f the later reform and changes in custom houses reveals without a doubt the major significance of early Qing for understanding the institutional basis of Qing custom house. This article describes the establishment of custom houses from the Ming to Qing and the changes they late r underwent later, and proposes three special characteristics of Qing custom houses.
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  The Output,Distribution and Sale of lead in Dading prefecture in Guizhou during early Qing

  WEN Chun-Lai

  journal6. 2007, 0(2): 65-74.

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  Mining greatly affected the currency and weaponry o f the Qing dynasty as well as the exploitation of minority areas in western China. Mining thus became a symbol of “the flourishing age of Kangxi Yongzheng and Qianlong reigns” in the Qing dynasty. The achievements of mining were primarily in the development and smelting of copper and lead. This paper is a study on the most important Qing lead deposits, located in Dading prefecture in Guizhou province. Focusing on the output, distribution, and sale of lead, the author demonstrates how a remote region affected the entire nation after native chieftains were replaced by imperial officials.
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  Dayu Mountain Road and the Determination of the Land Tax in Qing Dynasty Nanxiong

  ZHANG Su-Rong

  journal6. 2007, 0(2): 75-84.

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  The tax quota o f Qing dynasty had a special inherited connection with the tax quota affixed during the Ming emperor Wanli’s reign. Focusing on the taxation system and local administration, this paper is a case study of Nanxiong, in Guangdong province which was located near the Dayu Mountain Road, a significant transportation artery during Ming and Qing dynasties. The author demonstrates that diverse concept of tax quota was affected by locality and transportation routes. Through a detailed account of the process o f taxation and local history, this article reveals interconnections between local society and the state.