Abstract: This essay explores the integral relationship between state and local society and delineates the evolution of local society, the ecological-environmental and financial and economic basis o f irrigations systems, through a case study of weirditch irrigation in Hanzhong Prefecture in the Upper Hanshui River region during the Qing period.Weirditch irrigation in Hanzhong Prefecture is also examined against the background of long-term local physical and social changes.The author argues that the obvious erosion o f the water resource environment in Hanzhong during the mid-and late Qing period was the result of the interaction of multiple factors .It was closely related not only to immigrants opening up of the region, which hastened the speed of erosion, but also to the regions geological and geomorphic features as well as climate changes.The Qing period saw the steady increase of irrigation works constructed by local communities along with a tendency for local managers to assume control of irrigation works previously administered by the government..These trends coincided with alterations in the physical environment, fiscal and financial reforms, and changes in the management of irrigation organizations, which demonstrated a downward shift social control and the government.s increasingly indirect control of irrigation systems and local society.