Abstract: In the mid-Qianlong period, the Qing government set up a system of regular replacement of garrison troops for the Green Standard Army in the cities of Uliasutai and Khobdo, in northern the Gobi Desert. Most of the Green Standard Army’s officers and soldiers came from Xuanhua in Zhili Province and Datong in Shanxi Province. These troops were responsible for cultivation and various errands. Each time when the Green Standard Army was replaced, many people were stranded there. By the Guangxu reign, it was a common phenomenon that ordinary soldiers were stationed for ten to twenty years, which led to the deterioration of their living conditions. The military system under the General of Uliasutai’s Jurisdiction was mainly composed of Mongolian officers and soldiers, assisted by the Green Standard Army and the Eight Banner Army. This was the choice made by the Qing government after weighing various factors such as local political environment, ethnic composition, natural conditions, and economic costs.

摘要： 乾隆中期，清廷在漠北乌里雅苏台与科布多两城设立绿营定期换防体制。绿营官兵绝大多数来自直隶宣化与山西大同二镇，承担屯田及各项杂役。绿营驻军历次更换时，均有大量人员滞留当地。至光绪朝，普通兵丁连续驻守十至二十年之久的状况已成为普遍现象，导致其生计状况更加恶化。乌里雅苏台将军辖区以蒙古官兵为主体，绿营、八旗换防官兵为辅助的军事体制，是清廷权衡当地政治环境、民族构成、自然条件与经济成本等多种因素后作出的选择。

关键词: 乌里雅苏台, 科布多, 绿营, 满蒙汉关系, 生计