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15 May 1997, Volume 0 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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On the Community In the Qing Dynasty ZHANG Yan 1997, 0(2): 1-11.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3193KB) ( )   By the community we mean the social and geographical space in which people live together, affect each other, and engage in all kinds of social activities. By approaching the formations, actions, and changes of the various communities in the Qing Dynasty, this paper depicts the outline of Qing society and its durability, continuity and changes. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Outline of the Ming-Qing Systems for Administering and Organizing Lower-Levl Society WANG Ri-Gen 1997, 0(2): 12-21+35.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3152KB) ( )   This paper describes in outline form the dual system of “official” and “popular” administration, existing during the Ming and Qing periods, to regulate lower-level society. It conducts a detailed inquiry into the latter system in particular- that is, clans, villages, village compacts, association and guilds, as well as their social functions, economic foundations, and culture activities. This article suggests a new interpretation: the fact that the government was able to integrate diverse forms of popular social administration and organization, shows that feudal society was already adapting to changes in the social milieu(marketization, population mobility, and the examination system). Related Articles | Metrics

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The power of the Gentry HAO Bing-Jian 1997, 0(2): 22-35.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3525KB) ( )   During the Ming and Qing Dynasty, the gentry played an important role in the local administration. This paper examines the basis of gentry power and how it came into being. The birth of the gentry authorities was mainly based on the following factors. First, the state power could nor extend its authority to the grass-roots of society. Second, the gentry owned most social resources. The gentry ruled local society through lineage organizations, the magistrates, the private secretaries, the clerks, the runners, and the bao jia organization they controlled local areas. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Limits of Green Standard’s (Iuying )Jurisdiction and Regional Society In the Qing Dynasty TAI Tian-Chu 1997, 0(2): 36-44.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3034KB) ( )   In Ming-Qing historic circles in China and Japan, the studies of troops and police as an organ of violence have been very few up to mow. Based on the lowest stratum organization “xun” of the Qing Green Standards, this paper examines its policing functions and the relation between it and regional society in the Jiangnan delta. The paper affirms that the Xun’s jurisdiction was limited to the region of town on the whole. In other words, the main policing function of Green Standards in the Jiangnan delta was protecting communications in market towns. Related Articles | Metrics

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Secret Religions aod other Socid organization QIN Bao-Qi 1997, 0(2): 45-56.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3267KB) ( )   Secret religious were folk secret societies formed by Chinese peasants form the lower strata of rural society. Their purpose was to practice heretical beliefs. These societies had strong anti-traditional feeling. Secret religion and secret parties mixed with each other, and constituted Chinese secret societies. Whenever class contradictions became more acute, it was often the members of these groups who became the leaders and organizers of peasant uprisings. Blending Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, and some Paganism, secret religious developed religious doctrines of their own, and were regarded as paganism by the rulers of past ages. Related Articles | Metrics

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Zaili Religion and the city and Town Society of Modern Northern China CHENG Chi 1997, 0(2): 57-67.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2196KB) ( )   Based on a case study of Limengongsuo of Duliuzheng, this paper aims at examining the relations between Zaili religion and the city and town society of modern Northern China. The Zaili religion lasted about 100 years in modern Duliuzheng. Because it encouraged frugality and opposed extravagance, it suited the psychological needs of the residents of cities and towns, especially those engaged in social services. Combined with changes in commerce, Limengongsuo became the medium for relating the family with the town, while the town authorities maintained public order by controlling Limengongsuo. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Hong Yang Religion and Rural Society in the Qing Dynasty SONG 1997, 0(2): 68-76.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3022KB) ( )   The Hong Yang religion was found mainly in the rural areas of Zhili, most of its followers were from the lower strata of society. The behavior pattern of this religion was closely related to the rural society on which it depended for its existence. The Hongyang religion was a secret religious organization which could meet the needs of lower peoples’ daily life and spiritual beliefs, and attempted to improve living conditions for lower-class peoples Related Articles | Metrics

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Missionaries on Hainan Island WANG Yu 1997, 0(2): 77-82.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2771KB) ( )   This paper focuses on 300 years of western missionary activities on Hainan Island. It examines the special features of missionary activity, the methods of the missionaries and the influence of missionary activity. The author believes that although western missionaries were a special detachment of the western capitalist countries’ invasion of China, from an objective point of view, they did contribute to the advancing the social and economic development of Hainan Related Articles | Metrics

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Reliei Effoits of Western Christan Missionaries in China from 1876 to 1879 XIA Ming-Fang 1997, 0(2): 83-92.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3187KB) ( )   This article examines cause and social influences of the famine relief movement which was organized mainly by Protestant missionaries during the great famine of 1876-1879 in five provinces of North China. As the first organized, planned social relief in the history of modern China, it not only gave the western missionaries unprecedented opportunities for “preaching the Gospel” in China, but also gave impetus to the reform of China and even produced some undeniable influences on the trend of thought toward later social reform Related Articles | Metrics

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Social Change and thd Statecrafe School of Thought During the Qian Long and Jia Qing Reigns HUANG Ai-Ping 1997, 0(2): 93-105.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3396KB) ( )   The Qianlong and Jiaqing reigns was an important historical stage when China’s feudal society produced the seeds of transformation. With Qing rule proceeding from prosperity to decline, a variety of social contradictions were revealed. Confronted with a myriad of social problems such as water management, grain transport, salt administration, copper administration, rising prices and population, many officials and scholars put forward their own plans and propositions aimed at resolving these social problems. Statecraft solutions however still did not overcome feudal constraints, but did deeply influence later modern scholarship Related Articles | Metrics

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Extravagance and Historical Stagnation during the Qing Dynasty LI Jing-Ping 1997, 0(2): 106-110.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2717KB) ( )   Social and economic development necessarily leads to changes in the way of life and an increase in levels of consumption. Extravagance does not necessarily bring about an economic advance, because the key to the question is whether or not public wealth is put to productive purposes. Restricted by the feudal system, most public wealth flows into the realm of consumption during the reigns of the Kangxi, Yongzheng,and Qianlong reigns strangling primitive accumulation. Related Articles | Metrics