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15 August 1996, Volume 0 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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A General Analysis of the Frontiers of the Qing Dynasty CHENG Chong-De 1996, 0(3): 1-11.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3215KB) ( )   In the early Qing，especially the eighteenth century，a clear and integrated Chinese empire existed and exerted a great influence on the history of both China and the world.This essay examines，the expansions of the Qing frontiers and the Formation of the Chinese empire,the diversified structure of China prior to the mid-eighteenth century，thethe contradictions and conflicts experienced in the consolidation of the frontier，three models for consolidating the frontier，and a theoretical analysis of frontier policy and boundary delimitation. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Analysis of Palace Memorials during the Early Qing Ren Qing 1996, 0(3): 12-21.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3158KB) ( )   The system of palace memorials (zouzhe) was established by the Qing emperors and remained in place until the Qing dynasty fell.The establishment of palace memorial system not only marked a great change in the ancient system of official document communication, but also was closely related to the evolution of the Qing political system.The essay further investigates the formation and extension of the palace memorial system and reaches the conclusions that the system originated in the contradictions and conflicts between Emperors,the Grand Secretariat,Governor generals,Governors,and ministries,and that the extension and standardization of the system inevitably led to the ascendancy of the Grand Council(junjichu). Related Articles | Metrics

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The Role of Governors and Governor-generals in the Selection and Appointment of Local Officials in the Qing Liu Fengyun 1996, 0(3): 22-30.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3067KB) ( )   According  to the regulations  of the Qing dynasty ,the central government appointed officials at all levels of government,but,in fact,governor-generals also directly participated in making official appointments.Under the system of “baoju”,they recommended  talented person to the court.With the establishment of “ti bu”during the Yongzheng and Qianlong reigns,they could nominate candidates for various posts under their jurisdiction including circuit intendants  and country magistrate.To a certain extent this system eliminated some to the abuses  of the traditional system of official selection and appointment.  Related Articles | Metrics

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The Clipper Ship Trade between China and Batavia in the Early Qing Dynasty WU Jian-Yong 1996, 0(3): 31-41.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3189KB) ( )   The junk  trade  between China and Batavia comprised  the bulk of the Southeast Asian trade  and made up an important part or the Sino一Dutch trade in the early Qing.This essay examines the rise and fall of Chinese junk trade,and discusses the Qing dynasty trade policies and  their consequences,as well  the decline of the Dutch East  India Company. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Function and Structure of the Family in the Qing Dynasty ZHANG Yan 1996, 0(3): 42-52.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3235KB) ( )   This paper divides the Qing family into individual families,Lineal families,and clan families,and delineates the structures and functions of each type of family.The main points of the essay are:that economic,physiological,ethical,and traditional factors placed Limits on the Qing family system;the structure of the Qing family(jiating)was different from the household(hu);and that the development of the commodity economy not only strengthened regional economic ties but also exerted a significant influence on the way of life for Qing families. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Analysis of a Late Qing Memorial to the Throne Concerning the Aim of Education ZHU Peng 1996, 0(3): 53-62.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3095KB) ( )   In 1906 Rong Qing and other officials presented a memorial to the throne entitle “The Board of Education Requests the Emperor to Establish Educational Standards.”After its acceptance this memorial was enforced throughout the country and became the guiding principle for education.It was the first official Chinese document on education published in modern times.As One of the policies that the Qing government undertook to consolidate the government,this memorial advocated the inherent moral principles of  China as a means to strengthen the foundations of the dynasty but,because the authors were influenced by Japanese educational theories and practice,the memorial also emphasized the development of nationalism among students and instilling them with concern for public welfare and pragmatism. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Appraisal of Hong Chengchou from a Macroscopic Perspective SU Shuang-Bi 1996, 0(3): 66-70+85.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2635KB) ( )   Basically,Hong Chengchou deserves a positive evaluation because he made great contribution to maintaining social order，unifying the country，and expanding productive forces in the early Qing.Evaluating this historical figure whose career spanned the Ming-Qing interregnum ,judgments should be based on the overall interests of the Chinese nation.We should fully praise those individuals who made contributions to the revival of  the nation,unity of the country and the development of productive forces，and overly praise those corrupt members of the imperial court who should be buried alive with the dead.  Related Articles | Metrics

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An Analysis ef Hong Chengchou’s Surrender to the Qing WANG Si-Zhi 1996, 0(3): 71-80.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3123KB) ( )   Hong Chengchou was captured in the Song Jin war and then surrenderde himself to the Qing government.He was entrusted with important tasks and played a great role in the Qing Army’s entrance through Shan Hai Guan,the conquest of the Jiangan area,and the suppression of the southwest,but because Hong Chengchou had been an important Minster of the previous dynasty,the Qing emperors were always specious of him.Judged by the political situation at the time,we should not find fault with Hong Chengchou’s surrender. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Comment on Hong Chengchou’s Proposition for a Multi-National Country WANG Hong-Zhi 1996, 0(3): 81-85.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1621KB) ( )   On  the whole,Hong Chengchou was a historical figure deserving of public approval.His activities during the Ming dynasty were not praiseworthy ,but he made outstanding contributions to maintaining social order,alleviating class contradictions ,and developing the economy after he surrendered to the Qing.  Related Articles | Metrics