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15 August 2011, Volume 0 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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A Recalculation of the Total Annual Likin's Revenue during the Late Qing ZHOU Yumin 2011, 0(3): 1-24.  Abstract ( )   PDF (798KB) ( )   The total annual likin revenue during late Qing is an unresolved historical problem． In 1930s，Luo Yudong made an estimate based on estimates by Qing scholars and a large quantity of archival sources． Luo estimated that the annual revenue ranged from 14 million to 21 million taels，which was not far off from the estimates that Chinese and foreigners had made during the Qing． This figure has been accepted as the last word． Taking Luo's research as its foundation， this paper uses newly published archival sources and proposes a new estimate． The annual of likin revenue nationwide was over 20 million taels since 1879， Related Articles | Metrics

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The Rise of the Guangzhou Thirteen Hongs in the Qing Dynasty ZHAO Chunchen, XIANG Dong 2011, 0(3): 25-36.  Abstract ( )   PDF (423KB) ( )   The Guangzhou Thirteen Hongs arose after the abolishment of the Sea Prohibition policy and the establishment of the Guangdong Customs． These Hongs were gradually and naturally formed throughout nearly one century when China and the West maintained a normal trade relation． The emergence of the Thirteen Hongs resulted from the transformation from tributary trade to commercial trade and represented progress in history． Related Articles | Metrics

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The“Miao Sub-statutes”: Legal Organization and Practice in the Qing Dynasty's Newly Opened Miao Regions of Hunan HUANG Guoxin 2011, 0(3): 37-47.  Abstract ( )   PDF (427KB) ( )   Aside from the interpretation of “ruling according to minority customs，”previous studies have neither clearly pointed out why the“Miao sub-statutes”appeared in the Qing code nor analyzed their range of application in depth， much less dealt with substantial cases of judicial practice． After presenting such cases，this paper maintains that in the newly opened Miao regions of Hunan province's Qianzhou，Fenghuang and Yongsui subprefectures，the Qing Dynasty adopted the“Miao sub-statutes” as legal norms for handling conflicts among the Miao in keeping with the Miao way of life and the region's distinctive manner of opening，which differed from the policy of incorporation into regular government administration． However，in practice local officials also made appropriate use of“official law”in addition to the Miao sub-statutes，thereby manifesting the dynasty's legal authority． From the Qianlong and Jiaqing periods onward，newly-reclaimed Miao regions were incessantly assimilated into“civilization，”and with the westernization of law in the late Qing the Miao sub-statutes were ultimately eliminated from the Great Qing Code. Related Articles | Metrics

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Hygiene Administration and the Framing of the Modern Body:The Case of Epidemic Prevention YU Xinzhong 2011, 0(3): 48-68.  Abstract ( )   PDF (680KB) ( )   Modern times have witnessed the nationalization of the public body，which was under wide and detailed surveillance by the modern state，as well as the loss of personal attachment． While there has some discussions on this process in Chinese society，rarely have there been explorations of the modernization of body in the light of hygiene administration． This paper analyzes the changing relationship between epidemic prevention and body from traditional to modern times from the perspective of epidemic prevention． It also investigates the process and characteristics of national supervision of the modern state's hygiene administration，and illustrates how this body discipline was accepted at that time． The author suggests that in addition to the power of discourse supremacy like Western science，hygiene， and civilization，the realization of this process also relied on related national legislation and the gradual foundation of functional institutions． It's acknowledged that，though under exterior pressure，the acceptance of body discipline was a choice made by the gentry and elites，who had been pursuing the modernization of nation for 100 years． Initiatively and self-consciously the acceptance of body discipline was a simple and speedy choice made in a time facing challenges at without deep consideration． home and abroad． It was a choice made in order to“strengthen the nation and optimize the race”and a choice made Related Articles | Metrics

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Evolution of the Yellow River Administration System in the Qing Dynasty JIA Guojing 2011, 0(3): 69-76.  Abstract ( )   PDF (316KB) ( )   Yellow River administration system experienced a complete “life cycle”in the Qing Dynasty and all its major development and change were closely related to the political situation in the Qing court． The government gradually created the Yellow River administration system in the early Qing Dynasty in order to achieve reunification． By the mid- Qing the government was in slowly declining and the Yellow River administration system also repeatedly experienced problems． In late Qing Dynasty， political instability affected the Yellow River administration system and the departments administrating the Nan-he and part of the Dong-he were abolished after the bursting of the dykes at Tongwaxiang due to the chaos caused by war during Xianfeng and Tongzhi reigns． Ultimately， Yellow Riveradministration system was abandoned as a result of the impact of the Boxer Incident． It was clear that political instability influenced the fate of Yellow River administration system more than social change． On the other hand，the evolution of Yellow River  administration system also reflected rise and decline of Qing Related Articles | Metrics

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From Tax Farming to Law Cases: The Decline of the Local Gentry under Tao Shu's Tribute Grain Transport Policy in Suzhou and Songjiang，1820s ZHAO Siyuan 2011, 0(3): 77-87.  Abstract ( )   PDF (399KB) ( )   The 1800-1820s was a period that witnessed an increasing number of law suits，mainly involving shengyuan degree holders，over the transport of tribute grain in Suzhou and Songjiang． Tao Shu，the governor of Jiangsu Province，took a severe attitude towards these cases． Xin Congyi challenged the policy but it gained the support of the Daoguang emperor． The analysis shows that before Tao put the policy into effect，that local shengyuan，government officials，and the tribute grain transporters gained from the illegal tribute grain surtax． The rate on surtax to land tax was 1. 1∶ 1 in this period and 70% went to prefectural and county officials and 20% to shengyuan． This ring of corruption collapsed during the drought that ruined transport on the Grand Canal and forced sea transportation of tribute grain． Under these circumstances，law suits during this era can be understood as reactions to Tao Shu's policy． But Tao soon suppressed the rash of law suite and，from then on，shengyuan's benefits declined． Related Articles | Metrics

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Li Bingheng's Words and Deeds During the Boxer Rebellion KONG Xiangji 2011, 0(3): 88-98.  Abstract ( )   PDF (392KB) ( )   On the basis of archival records，this article describes and explores Li Bingheng's performance during the Boxer Rebellion． After declaring war against the Western powers，Empress Dowager Cixi urgently called Li to the capital． At the time conservative groups prevailed in Beijing，and all who hoped Li would come to the capital were obstinate bureaucrats． During his march north Li attacked and destroyed churches，but upon reaching Beijing he hesitated to go to the front． Cixi received him in audience five times，and he assaulted the diplomatic quarters along with the Boxers．This paper demonstrates that Li framed the peace faction，with the result that Cixi，Xu Tong，and Gangyi killed Xu Jingcheng and Yuan Chang． The author believes that Li Bingheng's behavior during the Boxer Rebellion was closely connected to the foolish xenophobia of the conservative faction． If Li's deeds are regarded as patriotic，then we must confront the difficult question of how to evaluate those who supported him． Related Articles | Metrics

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A Loyalist Who Harmed His Country?———Li Bingheng in the Boxer Rebellion Reconsidered DAI Haibin 2011, 0(3): 99-109.  Abstract ( )   PDF (410KB) ( )   Li Bingheng was an important figure in Chinese modern history． This paper investigates the historical facts of the latter half of Li's life，excluding the myths in the existing evaluation about Li，and clarifying his relationships with central government，the southeast viceroys and the Boxers． Li's attitude toward the foreign countries and the war was different than that of Li Hongzhang or Zhang Zhidong． Loyalty to the emperor was the core of his spirit，and his alleged hatred of the foreign powers was not exactly the truth． The personal dilemma of Li Bingheng reflected the complexity of his time． Related Articles | Metrics

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Conflict and Reconciliation between Manchu and Han in the 1911 Revolution JIA Yanli 2011, 0(3): 110-117.  Abstract ( )   PDF (308KB) ( )   Anti-Manchu propaganda in the 1911 Revolution had encouraged many Han Chinese to join Anti-Manchu revolu-tion． Furthermore，it made the relations between Manchu and Han extremely sensitive． Under the pressure of anti-Manchu propaganda and actions，some of the Manchu nobility excluded Han officials and rejected the New Armies ex- acerbating the conflicts between Manchu and Han and speeding up the outbreak of the revolution． The Revolutionary Party corrected the biased propaganda and adjusted the erroneous practices in the early revolution but Manchus still ex-perienced different levels of injury． This in turn caused Manchu retribution toward Han Chinese and further exacerba- ted conflict between Manchu and Han． The Anti-Manchu slogans of the 1911 Revolution eliminated Manchu privilegeand gradually made the Manchus self-reliant． Still the injuries and pains inflicted on the Manchus cannot be ignored． Related Articles | Metrics

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On Tacha piangu，the fifth son of the Jingzu Emperor of the Qing Dynasty LI Fengmin 2011, 0(3): 118-122.  Abstract ( )   PDF (224KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Silence of “Tianxiong ”———the Trace of Xiao Chaogui after the Shuidoucun Battle LIU Chen, LIU Ping 2011, 0(3): 123-128.  Abstract ( )   PDF (251KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of the Publications of the Qing History Project WANG Junyi 2011, 0(3): 133-142.  Abstract ( )   PDF (362KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Bringing in the Big Guns: On the Use of Artillery in the Ming-Manchu War Kenneth M. Swope 2011, 0(3): 143-149.  Abstract ( )   PDF (293KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Social Rumors and Hearsays and Intervention of the Imperial Power in the Early Qing Kan Hongliu 2011, 0(3): 150-156.  Abstract ( )   PDF (283KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics