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15 August 2013, Volume 0 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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The Change of Yin-ti's Name and Emperor Yongzheng's Succession to the Throne Silas Wu 2013, 0(3): 1-16.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1210KB) ( )   The legitimacy of Emperor Yongzheng's succession to the imperial throne has been a controversial issue among Qing historians since the early 20thcentury． Those scholars who hold the view that his 14 th brother was originally the designated heir by Emperor Kangxi，but Yongzheng usurped the throne through devious means． One version of the “usurpation theory ” is that Yongzheng had first stolen his 14th brother's name and made it to be his own，while at the same time fabricated a new name———Yun-ti———for his 14th brother in order to cover up the illegitimate nature of his throne． However，their findings are altogether erroneous because they failed to find out the 14 thbrother's name from the Zongshi Yudie ( Genealogy of the Imperial House) ． On the other hand，scholars who hold the view that Yongzheng's throne was indeed legitimate and the change of names among his brothers was simply atraditional practice under the imperial institution． They identified the original name of the 14 th brother from the Zongshi Yudie． This article is intended to be a critical review of the historical sources used by both sides of the scholars． Related Articles | Metrics

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A New Study on the Reasons for the Emperor Yongzheng's Crackdown on the Eunuch Wei Zhu: Research on Wei Zhu And His Deeds CHANG Jianhua 2013, 0(3): 17-26.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1681KB) ( )   Wei Zhu lived from the middle of Kangxi reign ( 1661—7122 ) to the middle period of Qianlong reign ( 1736—1795) ． His records appeared in large numbers after the 44th or 45th year of Kangxi． The likely reason was because Wei Zhu served as the Head Eunuch at that time． Because he was trusted by the Emperor and held senior positions in the palace，Wei Zhu often behaved badly． Yongzheng disliked Wei Zhu，so he found an excuse to crackdown on him． Wei Zhu was sent to Kangxi's mausoleum，and his liberty was restricted． Yongzheng dealt leniently with Wei Zhu and Qianlong forgave him again． Wei Zhu had served in the Hall of Imperial Longevity and the Palace of Eternal Longevity，and lived until the 26th year of Qianlong． On the surface the reason why Yongzheng cracked down Wei Zhu was that Wei Zhu built a house on a mausoleum site destroying the fengshui． In fact the reason was that in Kangxi old age Wei Zhu kept good relations with Yunsi and Yuntang who were Yongzheng's rivals for crown prince，and so Yongzheng was hostile to Wei Zhu． The reason that Yongzheng cracked down Wei Zhu was not necessarily because Wei Zhu witnessed the deathbed scene of Kangxi and knew the secret that Yongzheng ascended the throne through improper means，or，in other words，usurped the throne． Related Articles | Metrics

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A Disquisition on Land Ownership on the Southern Edge of the Ordos Dessert in Northern Shaanxi in the Qing Dynasty WANG Han 2013, 0(3): 27-37.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2030KB) ( )   The human dimension of environmental change in the Ordos Dessert requires more meticulous studies． Since the early Qing Dynasty，Mongolian nomads gradually began to engage in animal husbandry in a fixed area． In the meantime，the region of Han Chinese immigrants gradually increased． But population changes and changes in productive activities alone cannot explain the evolution of the human construction activities and the relationship with the geographical environment． This essay examines landtenure relations，immigration and the construction of society with the “local experience”of farmers and herdsmen in production outside the Great Wall in Northern Shaanxi． The author concludes that the process of land reclamation was essentially process of constructing an immigrant society． Changes in land ownership issues emerged with land reclamation， deepening the opportunity， but also affect theunderlying causes of changes in the local natural environment． We cannot simply explain change and the environment linked to the production of farmers and herdsmen，but should be more meticulous and detail- oriented in analyzing the production processes． Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Emergence of Suspending Land Tax Collection and Arrear from Jiaqing Reign: Based on the Analysis of the Macroscopic Angle LI Guangwei 2013, 0(3): 38-53.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2809KB) ( )   From Jiaqing reign in the Qing Dynasty，the frequency and amount of suspending land tax collection increased gradually，and a phenomenon that the suspending land tax collection was postponed year after year appeared which resulted in a serious problem of arrear． After the middle and later Daoguang reign，this problem developed seriously，and the amount of avoiding arrear increased every time． Until the end of the Qing dynasty，this problem was still serious． Every time after avoiding，the arrear would rebirth and become a huge amount finally． This problem had become unrespectable cancer in financial body in the middle and later Qing dynasty． Related Articles | Metrics

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The “Inland Migration”of the Jiangnan Arsenal in the Late Qing Dynasty ZHANG Zhongmin 2013, 0(3): 54-61.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2193KB) ( )   Just after creation of the Jiangnan Arsenal in 1865 there were suggestions to move it inland． Many important ministers，such as Yinghan，Yulu，Zeng Guoquan，Ronglu and others put forward ideas to the imperial government to move the arsenal． Zhang Zhidong，Yuan Shikai and Wei Guangtao jointly put forward plans to relocate the arsenal inland in 1903 and 1904，but the Guangxu Emperor responded that“over-all plan”was needed and he sent Tieliang to inspect the situation personally． After receiving Tieliang's report to the imperial government the Guangxu Emperor reiterated that the Administrative Affairs Bureau and the Military Training Bureau should draw up an over-all plan． After forty years，the failure to relocate the Jiangnan Arsenal from 1865 to 1904，clearly reflected the serious problem of China's failure to develop an in-depth strategy for modern industrialization． Related Articles | Metrics

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The Historical Conception of “Yuan-Qing”and Northern Chinese Scholar-bureaucrat's Idea of the Establishment of the Qing Dynasty: The Example of Sun Qifeng GUI Tao 2013, 0(3): 62-72.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2617KB) ( )   The mainstream historical narrative of“the Ming-Qing transition，”which is grounded in the study of Jiangnan and the Confucians who upheld the principle of “Opposing the Barbarians，”always maintained an attitude of hostility toward the nomadic rulers from Northern China． But this attitude cannot provide a convincing explanation for the behavior of Northern China's scholar-bureaucrats in the early Qing dynasty． This article focuses on Sun Qifeng，a Neo-Confucian Scholar active in Henan and Hebei during the Ming- Qing transition． Sun constructed an historical analogy between the early Yuan Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty． In his imagination，Confucian civilization was saved by the Confucian Scholars，such as Xu Heng，Yelu Chucai and Liu Yin，during the early Yuan Dynasty． Accordingly，the early Qing dynasty was regarded as a period of restoration． Furthermore，Sun had a unique behavioral ethic which was based on the balance of the emperor's power and Confucian morality． According to Sun，becoming an official and resignation were the way of practicing Confucian morality． Related Articles | Metrics

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The Jinwen and Kuwen Controversy in Late Qing Reconsidered: Comparative Study with the Controversy in Han Period HUANG Yanqiang 2013, 0(3): 73-86.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2786KB) ( )   The Jinwen and Guwen controversy in the study of Confucian Classics rose in the late Qing，and the involved scholars including Liao Ping traced this academic phenomenon back to the Han dynasty． This paper analyses Liao Ping's works and further proves that the characters of the controversy in the study of Confucian Classics in Han period did not took place between the Jinwen and Guwen，but the official academy and the folk academy． The scholars of the official academy did say all of the classics were philosophy，and the scholars of the folk academy alsonever regarded the Confucianism as historiography． Both paid the same attention to argumentation and textual criticism． Therefore，the Jinwen and Guwen controversy was the unique academic phenomenon in the late Qing． It is not reasonable for us to inherit thus opposite position to comprehend the history of Confucian Classics． Related Articles | Metrics

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A Brief Account of the Six Offices of Scrutiny in the Shunzhi Reign MA Zimu 2013, 0(3): 87-96.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2690KB) ( )   The Six Offices of Scrutiny was a system of control and surveillance during the Ming and Qing dynasties that greatly contribute to cleaning up government． The Collected Statutes had little to say about the system in the Shunzhi reign． This essay examines official and private records to attempt a preliminary investigation of the establishment of the Six Offices of Scrutiny during this period and the method for selecting officials，while simultaneously probing into the changes in the Six Offices of Scrutiny that occurred during the Ming-Qing dynastic transition． Related Articles | Metrics

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The Establishment of the Police System and the Local Administration in Mukden in the Late Qing KIM Taekkyung 2013, 0(3): 97-109.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2893KB) ( )   Different from the extant research，which have been limited to investigating the organization and the function of the police system，this article is to analyze the establishment of the police system in Mukden， focusing on the changing shape of the local administrative system． In so doing the author concentrates on the process of establishing the police system and its relationship with the existing local administration． Up to now，many of the studies on the police system during the late Qing have emphasized its modern aspects: the function of the “premodern ” administration system has been regarded negatively; the connection of the premodern administration with the police system has not received enough attention． As the police system absorbed some functions of the magistrate and the existing local administration into its own services，the administrative duties of the magistrate were reduced． The police system played a role in supporting and assisting the duties of the magistrate． Related Articles | Metrics

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The Imperial Commissioned Regulations and Precedents on Selection and Appointment of Company Commanders: Its Making and Significance ZHAO Lingzhi, HOSOYA Yoshio 2013, 0(3): 110-118.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2830KB) ( )   Qing Company Commanders can be divided into two broad categories，private and public，based on the method by which they were appointed． Private commanders were hereditary because they were direct descendents of previous company commanders． By the late Kangxi era the banner population had greatly expanded and those who qualified for hereditary status as commanders increased and lawsuits arose． By the Yongzheng reign this type of lawsuit was increasing day-by-day． In 1736，Emperor Qianlong issued an imperial order that that required the eight banners to report the origin of commanders and to draw up genealogies of commanders． On the basis of these genealogies the banners would determine the descendents of the commanders，grade two candidates for appointment． Eventually，this practice became The Imperial Commissioned Regulations and Precedents on Selection and Appointment of Company Commanders． Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on The Genealogy of Suwan Guwaljiya Lineage in Manchu Language ZHANG Jie, LI Xiulian 2013, 0(3): 119-125.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2873KB) ( )   Completed in 1709，The Genealogy of Suwan Guwaljiya Lineage in Manchu Language is the early demographic document of Manchu people． The document records the family trees，marriages and migrations of the two lineages，Suwan Guwaljiya and Fuca． To some extent，the migrations indicate the relationship between the Jurchens around the founding of Later Jin and the forming of Manchu people; the marriages display the social institutions of the Qing before 1644． Related Articles | Metrics

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Vertical Records of the Compilation， Examination and Revision of Treatise of Works，Qing History Committee for the Compilation of Qing History 2013, 0(3): 126-140.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3015KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Total Number of the Hanlin Bachelor of the Qing Dynasty ZOU Changqing 2013, 0(3): 141-150.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3008KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Emperor Kangxi's Personal Expedition in 1690 YANG Zhen 2013, 0(3): 151-156.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2941KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics