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15 February 2017, Volume 0 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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Beat the'Demons of  the Eight-legged Essay:" Reflection on the Abolishment of Imperial Examination Systerm after One Hundred Years YANG Nianqun 2017, 0(1): 1-32.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1871KB) ( )   Since the late Qing Dynasty，the Imperial Examination System has always been narrowly regarded as an examination system distinguished by the Eight-legged essay. Therefore，the Imperial Examination System was fiercely criticized and demonized. In fact，there was a rich content to the ImperialExamination System，such as official selection，mobility for talented individuals，optimized allocation of personnel，local justice，and so on. The content of the examination，not only tested the scholars’familiarity with classical knowledge，but policy questions also dealt with the actual business of governing.The abolishment of the Imperial Examination System resulted in the end of official selection based oneducation，the destruction of optimized allocation of personnel，as well as the disappearance of gentry society and the Chinese style system of representation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Comprehensive Study of the Various Editions of  Yu Yue's Qun Jing Ping Yi Ben HAMMER 2017, 0(1): 33-44.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1581KB) ( )   Yu Yue was one of the most prolific and talented scholars of the late Qing Dynasty. His corpus ofworks included commentary on a large number of the Confucian classics，compiled in his well-known work Qun Jing Ping Yi. Since its first printing more than a century ago，Qun Jing Ping Yi has always remained in wood-block print form only. Different editions of this book have different value，in that the collation and redaction work that went into the different versions ranged from meticulous to sloppy. This article introduces the various editions and explains their differences，both in major editing principles and in subtle textual details. This analysis draws heavily on Yu Yue’s hand-written manuscript of Qun Jing Pin Yi which，while only partial，is of enormous academic value. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Promulgation of  the Pacification Edict after the Revolt of  the Three Feudatories:The Fates of  Geng Jingzhong and Shang Zhixin HOSOYA Yosio 2017, 0(1): 45-65.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1697KB) ( )   This article explores oversew sources in Japan and Korea and rare historical materials in China，to elucidate a series of secret events that occurred after the Qing court promulgated the Pacification Edict on the Revolt of the Three Feudatories. For example，the rebel lewder Geng Jingzhong was actually executed after the promulgation of the edict，and it was the minister Songgotu and others who protected and prolonged his live. Based on historical sources，it was said that Shang I}exi in fact supported Shang Zhixin’s actions. In order to destroy the evidence，the Kangxi emperor executed numerous officials who participated in the purge of Shang Zhixin. This article thus makes great revisions and supplements to current conclusions on the research of the Revolt of the Three Feudatories. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Relationgship between the Bureau of  Government Affairs and the Xinzheng Reform in 1901 ZHAO Hu 2017, 0(1): 66-76.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1569KB) ( )    The Bureau of Government Affairs was a specialized institution established by the imperial court to lead the New Policy Reforms. Due to the change of functions along with the change of political situations，there have been different opinions as to whether the Bureau was important or not. Before Empress Cixi and Emperor Guangxu returned to Beijing，the Bureau had to act on behalf of other institutions together with its own duties under special internal and external political situation，therefore its significance was highlighted. Based on comprehensive collection of historical data and research of historical facts，this paper tries to present the historical truth of the Bureau in its early stage. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Overlooked "Copper Cash Relief ":A Study of  the Circulation of  Cash during Famine Relief in the Qing Dynasty HAN Xiang 2017, 0(1): 77-93.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2070KB) ( )   “Copper cash relief" was a mechanism of resource allocation and famine relief that centered on micro-funding. The copper cash relief had a long history and occupied an important position in famine relief thinking，but the practice has long been ignored studies of famine relief. Copper cash relief in the Qing Dynasty evolved from a temporary measure to a fixed convention，and finally became a mature system. The sign that the relief regulation which was formulated in“Jinan Copper Cash Relief Case" of 1870. Studying each stage of development copper cash relief such as allocation，transportation，exchange，issuance，consumption，and circulation，we can find that the exchange rate between silver and copper was the core link of currency circulation in famine relief , while“copper cash relief" was the mainline of this circulation chain. Based on previous research and this paper’s findings，we conclude that famine had a dual influence on currency circulation between city and countryside in Qing Dynasty. On the one hand，famine would cause a serious copper shortage crisis in famine areas;on the other hand， large-scale relief activities could promote the flow of external copper into a famine area，which would facilitate micro-funding flow to the countryside from the city，and cause the redistribution of financial resources between city and countryside. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Practice of Usury in the Capital for officials and Local Administration in the Qing Dynasty JIANG Xiaocheng 2017, 0(1): 94-105.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1591KB) ( )   “Capital debt，”also named“official indebtedness，”mainly refers to the usurious loans to expectant officials incurred while awaiting appointment in Beijing.   In the Qing Dynasty，usurious borrowing by officials in the Beijing was serious，and it caused widespread concerns both in the government and among the public. To solve this problem，the central government not only frequently demanded a halt to the practice，but also repeatedly introduced legislation to curtail it. In the reign of Emperor Qianlong，the central government allowed officials to borrow against future income，but with little success. During the Qing Dynasty，the“capital debt" was at an annual rate of more than one hundred percent under normal circumstances，sometimes it was even higher Researchers think that the interest rates on ordinary usury underwent a process of gradual reduction during the Qing dynasty，but there was no significant reduction in interest rates on“capital debt，”which highlighted this type of debt’s uniqueness. When indebted officials served in local government，under the pressure of the high interest rate，they either appropriated public funds or exploited the people. Even more，some of them worked hand-in-glove with the creditors or clerks，which resulted in the corruption of the local administration. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Law and Market :a Case Study on the Dispute between Cao Clan and Yang Clan during the Reigns of Qianlong and Jiaqing in the Poyang Lake Region ZHANG Chaoyang | CAO Shuji 2017, 0(1): 106-118.  Abstract ( )   PDF (4830KB) ( )   The documents collected from the Poyang Lake Region by Shanghai Jiao Tong University record a dispute between the Cao Clan based in Duchang county and Yang Clan based in Poyang county during the Qing dynasty. From 1776 to 1799，the two clans constantly disputed over the ownership of three lakes， which were located along the board of the two counties，and they even brought the case to Beijing. According to our study，however, the claimant，Cao clan had no legitimate claim over the disputed lakes. Even though the Cao clan depicted themselves as the victim，but in fact，they were trying to appropriate Yang clan’s property. This case shows that the civil justice of the Qing dynasty was committed to protect the property rights of the commoners;due to the protection of the state，the Cao clan，which was stronger，admitted the rights of the Yang clan，which was weaker. More importantly，the state was creative in solving the dispute:it firstly judged the rights and wrongs based on evidence，and then introduced market mechanism to achieve a win-win result. This approach was more effective in solving civil disputes than solely relying on law. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Sexual Desire between Males in the Qing Dynasty DONG Xiaohan 2017, 0(1): 119-129.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1549KB) ( )   There are lots of records of sexual desire between males in Chinese history，and there are diverse names of these desires in different times and regions，such as“dragon sun，”“cut sleeve"，“passion for men" and“male wind.”Different names reflected different comprehensions and imaginations about same the sexual desires of every unique time or region，and these terms later became terms in official or unofficial histories，notes or fiction. Grand Secretariat memorials on criminal matters in Qing Dynasty was another kind of text that referenced sexual desire between males，which was formulated as“sodomy" in this text，and the subject and the object are the supporters of same sexual desires. After analyzing more than one thousand Crime Case Reports，the sexual desires between males in Qing Dynasty shows three traits:phase，fluidity，and compatibility. Whether these three traits are universal and transcend time and space，depends on further study. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Textual Research on Chun Xi Garden Ruins of the Old Summer Palace HE Yu 2017, 0(1): 130-135.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1457KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Further Investigation into “Imperial Father as Regent” YANG Zhen 2017, 0(1): 136-141.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1466KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Historical Context of the Summary of the Record of Reflections on the Four Books in the Catalog of The Emperor’s Four Treasuries LEI Ping 2017, 0(1): 142-147.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1464KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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A Path-breaking Masterpiece——A Review on Manchu Identity Codes and the Construction of a Dual System of Tribes TENG Shaozhen 2017, 0(1): 148-156.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1517KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics