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15 May 2019, Volume 0 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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British Historiography of the Qing Hannah Theaker 2019, 0(2): 1-10.  Abstract ( )   PDF (6887KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Qing Studies in the Low Countries(Belgium and the Netherlands) Nicolas Standaert 2019, 0(2): 11-25.  Abstract ( )   PDF (10178KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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On Manchu“File without Circle and Point” ZHAO Zhiqiang 2019, 0(2): 26-39.  Abstract ( )   PDF (7794KB) ( )   “File without Circle and Point” is a variety of books that mainly use old Manchu,transitional Manchu, and new Manchu to record government affairs before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs. Among them, there are original records, as well as re-copies and a small amount of printed matter and book manuscripts. The transcripts, photocopies, and translations handed down are easy to use, but each has its own shortcomings and can not be viewed in the same amount as the original file. The original file is the most important source data and can not be replaced. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Discussion on the Issue of Revising the Books during Compiling Siku Quanshu in the Qing Dynasty: Taking the Revision of Sanchao Beimeng Huibian as an example QIU Jingjia 2019, 0(2): 40-51.  Abstract ( )   PDF (7319KB) ( )   When the Qing dynasty was compiling Siku Quanshu, almost all the included books had been revised, which contained two cases: changing the names of ethnic languages and making corrections and deletions of the suspected taboo words. In fact, the specific situations were complex. In the former aspect, during the compilation of Siku Quanshu, except certain books, such as the history of Liao, Jin, Yuan etc., had been completely changed the names of ethnic languages, as well as some books modified as appropriate, the rest were practically unchanged. As for the later aspect, those corrections and deletions were rigid for the books written in the late Ming and early Qing periods, while loose for the books before the late Ming dynasty. However, until the phase of proofreading Siku Quanshu in 1787, the measure of revision became extremely rigorous, so that all the books concerning the periods of Liao, Jin, and Yuan had been completely modified and bowdlerized in both aspects. In this study, the version of Sanchao Beimeng Huibian used for proofreading Siku Quanshu, collected by Shanghai Library, has significant documentary values. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Organization and Management of the Group of Grain Farmers of the Emperor’s Three Baoyi Niru in Mukden during the Years of Shunzhi and Kangxi LI Xiaoxue 2019, 0(2): 52-63.  Abstract ( )   PDF (6575KB) ( )   In Mukden, the group of grain farmers of the three baoyi niru, the owner of the group, refers to the people who are under the banner of the emperor of the Qing dynasty. Academic circles now Shun-Kang Mukden area in the early years of the social status is a lack of in-depth study. According to the kangxi dynasty manju archives information, such as the hetu dangse file with Mukden grain tokso thirty years before kangxi, the source of the grain tokso, distribution, structure and management are studied, in order to pass related question discussion, the early years of the Shun-Kang Mukden have display the condition of the regional grain group society in Mukden. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Jin Family and Their Ethnic Identity from the Perspective of Sino-Joseon Studies HUANG Li-chun 2019, 0(2): 64-77.  Abstract ( )   PDF (8093KB) ( )   The Jin family was originally a Korean family that resided in Yizhou, but they turned into one of the Manchu booi banners in the 17th century. In High Qing, Changming and Jinjian served as the Chiefs of the Department of Imperial Household in the inner court, while Jinjian’s sister, Lady Jin, was one of the Qianlong Emperor’s concubines. However, there were disputes revolving around Changming’s and Jinjian’s lineages, which vied for the right to inherit the supervisor of niru, the basic unit of the booi eight banners. Because the Jin family were originally Koreans, they still retained their Korean identity in a certain way. Both Changming or Jinjian disclosed their ethnic identity to Korean envoys by mentioning that their ancestors’ graves were still well-preserved in Yizhou. Furthermore, they both used their political influence to assist Korean envoys to negotiate diplomatic issues in the royal court and sometimes took their bribes. The story of the Jin family indicates the multi-facted nature of ethnic identity discourses that can be considered from the perspectives of emotions, political institution, and interests in reality. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Adytum of Yangxin Dian TENG Deyong 2019, 0(2): 78-89.  Abstract ( )   PDF (6854KB) ( )   Besides the Storage Department, Imperial Workshops and Old Summer Palace, the Emperor also set up a special storehouse to service himself in Yangxin Dian in the Qing palace. The storehouse was named “Adytum” and the palace eunuchs took charge of it. The collections of the storage were valuable and all selected by the emperor. Moreover, the sources of goods were many and varied. As a result, most goods were mainly used by the emperors and some reward or made sacrificial vessels. All in all, the adytum which was for the emperor was very special and played an important role in the emperor’s life. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A research on the Data and Operation of Granary System During the QianLong Reigns HE Weiguo 2019, 0(2): 90-105.  Abstract ( )   PDF (9361KB) ( )   The provincial and national data of Granary in QianLong Reigns recorded in QingShiLu,Memorials,Inscriptions are theoretical data.The data do not represent the same amount of grain stored in the Granary. On the one hand, the governor has made a report every year, stating that there is no loss in actual storage. On the other hand, it is almost impossible to carry out Layer-by-layer investigation and checking. Official’s reportings are mere formality. At the same time, contrary to the high data, accumulated storage of Granary has been resisted by state and county offificials in local administrative practice.A large number of vacancies have become a common phenomenon. With the overall adjustment of storage policy in Qianlong 13th year, the Granary system has accelerated to decline. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Textual Research on “Yangcao Guandian”: The Practice on the Government Withdrawing the Land Rights during the Jiaqing Periods of Qing Dynasty OUYANG Lin 2019, 0(2): 106-120.  Abstract ( )   PDF (7687KB) ( )   The Yangcao Guandian originated in the Shunzhi and Kangxi periods of Qing Dynasty, whose unclear boundaries caused many disputes among people. In the early Qianlong period, the Qing court tried to delimit the boundaries but failed. The special administrative system in northeast China weakened the government’s control over the land, besides the Zhuangtou’s private reclamation, most of the Yangcao Guandian was lost. During the Jiaqing period, facing the human-land conflflict and central fifinancial stress, the Qing court and the local government fifinally accomplished to delimit the boundaries together, whereby they could collect the land rents and withdraw the land rights. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Zhejiang Likin’s Starting Levy Date and Structure of Income and Expenses in Late Qing dynasty XIONG Changkun 2019, 0(2): 121-133.  Abstract ( )   PDF (7587KB) ( )   Likin is a temporary measure for raising funds to suppress the Taiping Rebellion and solve the military crisis during the years of Xianfeng in Qing dynasty. However, instead of being abolished after the war, likin gradually became the main financial source of central and local government. While Zhejing province imposed the largest amount of likin, an agreement has not been reached regarding it’s starting levy date. Besides that, existing research on the calculation of Zhejiang’s likin amount is based on price ratio between the silver and copper coin in Jiangsu province, rather than in accordance to the respective ratio among silver ingots, silver dollars and copper coins on the basis of original balance of payment/income and expenses. This paper argues that the currency structure of likin in Zhejiang is not only subject to levy methods, but also related to settlement of bulk cargo. During the mid-late Guangxu period, since likin income in Zhejiang was dwindling, the central government tried to converse the situation via rectification, promotion and temporary levy etc. while Zhejiang provincial governor kept pleading for a remission or relief of likin. Furthermore, the independence of local finance and mintage right made a difference to the development of late-Qing political situation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Island Place Names in Jiaoao Leased Territory: Its Origins and Historical Maps DING Chao 2019, 0(2): 134-148.  Abstract ( )   PDF (8552KB) ( )   In the Lease Treaty of Jiaoao (Kiautschou Bay) and its relevant contracts, the island place names were translated by two methods. One method was translating German place names into Chinese, the other was translating Chinese place names into German. The most important place names were Tolosan, Tschia-timiaw-taw, and Tscha lien taw. In the process of translation between different languages, the meanings of those place names were changed significantly. In fact, (Shui) Lingshan Dao, Guji Dao and Dalian Dao were the original manner of spelling and punctuation for those place names. The invaders came from Germany, British and Japan made many geographical investigations and mapping in the leased territory. The paper show us a new historical map by the comprehensive use of archives, local chronicles and old maps. It is necessary to get out of the bad influence from foreign cultures. References | Related Articles | Metrics