商业交易因为违约、欺诈而带来商业风险，商人可透过诉讼以降低这种商业风险。在特定政治环境下，商人诉讼也可能面临官吏勒索钱财的政治风险。面对诉讼降低商业风险但却可能提高政治风险的两难，明清商人如何权衡与选择？本文分析商业书提出“是官当敬”这类劝诫商人减少诉讼的话语背景，并由十八世纪重庆商业讼案反映商人诉讼策略与官员审理方式的变化，论证清代商业诉讼的制度变迁，以呈现市场经济冲击清代司法制度进而影响商人重估商业与政治风险的历史变化。
Abstract
Commercial?transactions?bring?commercial?risk?such?as?breach?of?contract?and?fraud.?Merchants?can?reduce?this?risk?through?litigation.?However,?under?certain?political?circumstances,?businessmen?who?engage?in?litigation?may?run?the?risk?of?extortion?by?officials.?Faced?with?the?dilemma?that?litigation?may?reduce?commercial?risks?but?increase?political?risks,?how?did?Ming?and?Qing?merchants?weigh?their options?and?choose??This?article?not?only?analyzes?the?discourse?of?business?
handbooks?that?exhorted?businessmen?to?reduce?litigation,?as?seen?in?aphorisms?such?as?“all?officials?are?to?be?respected”,?but?also?investigates?the?merchant?strategies?and?official?adjudications?found?in?several?commercial?lawsuits?in?eighteenth-century Chongqing.?In?so?doing,?the?article?demonstrates?institutional?change?in?Qing commercial?litigation?and?shows?the?historical?process?through?which?the?marketization?of the economy impacted the Qing justice system and led merchants to reevaluate commercial andpolitical risk.
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基金
本文为香港研究资助局研究计划成果（项目编号： 14607917， GRF 2017-2018）。
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