清嘉道以降，东南地区涌现大量资助科举旅费的宾兴会社，有些属资助本籍士子的公益组织，有些则是资助捐资者后人的互助组织。浙江松阳县文公祠宾兴依靠城乡各界捐资，保证紫阳书院的开销，余款则资助捐资者后人的科举旅费。随着互助属性淡化，在太平军侵扰之下，文公祠陷入负债窘境，后通过重申互助性，重回正轨。有赖于传统教育与科举制度的共生关系，文公祠提供了一个兼具“公益性”和“互助性”的科举宾兴案例。
Abstract
Since?the?Jiaqing?and?Daoguang?Reigns?in?the?Qing?Dynasty,?a?large?number?of?imperial?examination foundations (binxing)?were?set?up?in?southeast?China?to?support?the?travel?expenses?of?provincial?and?metropolitan?exam?candidates.?Some?foundation?were?“public?welfare”?organizations?that?supported?all?local?students;?others?were?“mutual?aid”?organizations?that?only?supported?offspring?of?foundation?contributors.?This?article?combs?through?the?history?of?Wengong?(Zhuxi)?Temple,?in?
Songyang?County,?Zhejiang?Province,?and?finds?that?people?in?both?urban?and?rural?areas?actively?participated?in?the?process?of?fund?raising.?The?Wengong?Temple?fund?guaranteed?the?expenditure?of?the?Ziyang?Academy?first,?and?the?travel?expenses?for?the?descendants?of?those?contributors?second.?But?the?attribute?of?mutual?aid gradually?faded,?and?all?local?scholars?received?“allowances”.?In?the?Xianfeng?and?Tongzhi?Reigns,?the?Taiping?Army?invaded?Songyang?county?and?caused?huge?property?losses,?consequently?the?Wengong?Temple?was?deeply?in?debt.?To?this?end,?managers?reiterated?the?principle?of?“mutual?aid”?to?get?Wengong?Temple?back?on?track.??So,?this?case?study?shows?that?imperial?examination?foundation?could?have?both?“public?welfare”?and?“mutual?aid”?attributes?because?the?traditional?education?and?the?imperial?examination?system?remained?in?a?symbiotic?embrace.
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基金
Songyang?County|Wengong?Temple|Imperial?Examination?Binxing
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