关键词: 丞参, 选任, 官制改革, 专门化

Abstract: The establishment of auxiliary personnel 丞参was an important part of the bureaucratic reform in the late Qing Dynasty, and it reflected the trend of seeking specialization in selection and employment of officials. The selection of auxiliary personnel went through a process of change from the appointment of each department to the pre guarantee of each department and the request of the Grand Council, then to the Department of Supervision and the Grand Council to seek to enhance their influence, and finally the emperor took over the decision-making power for the selection and appointment of auxiliary personnel. In the context of the bureaucratic reform the emperor, the Grand Council, the Department of Supervision, and the ministries re divided and adjusted the selection procedures. Changes in the process show the orientation, path, and complex problems of specialization of bureaucratic reforms in the late Qing Dynasty, reflects the twists and turns from the traditional ministry and academy official selection system to the modern specialized official selection system. The selection of auxiliary personnel had an impact on other official selection in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.

Key words: auxiliary personnel, bureaucratic reform, specialization