Abstract: How Christianity was propagated in frontier regions in modern history, especially its impact on the local ethnic societies, requires further research. Catholicism was the most widely propagated western religion in Mongolia, and it also had the most profound influence. Taking advantage of the privileges which were given by the unequal treaties, Catholic missionaries broke through legal and traditional restrictions in Qing Mongolia, and successfully proselytized in the eastern and western parts of Inner Mongolia. However, the mission did not reach its initial goal to spread the religion among the Mongols and establish independent Mongolian Christian communities. Therefore, the missionaries shifted their focus to the Han-Chinese migrants in Mongol. But the special administrative system of Mongol, the nomadic economy, and Tibetan Buddhist culture, did not harmonize with Western Christianity, so after the long confrontation between the missionaries and the Mongol banners, very few Mongols converted to Christianity.

摘要： 近代基督宗教如何传入边疆地区，特别是对当地族群社会造成了怎样的影响，仍然需要探究。其中天主教是在蒙古地区传播最广，影响最深远的西方宗教。天主教传教士利用不平等条约所赋予的特权，冲破清代蒙古地区传统法律和制度限制，成功地将教务活动推广到内蒙古东西部各地。但它并没有达成当初专向蒙古人传教，建立独立的蒙古信徒社群的目标，因而将传教重点转向了进入蒙地的汉族移民。外藩蒙古特殊制度、游牧经济以及普遍崇信藏传佛教的文化生态等，都与西方基督宗教难以相容，因而教会与蒙旗之间出现长期对峙，蒙古人入教者甚少。

关键词: 条约, 天主教, 蒙旗, 教案, 赔教