Abstract:       In the past, scholars usually have traced the origin of local militias (tuanlian) to the White Lotus Rebellion during the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor, and on this basis came to some inaccurate conclusions such as the dualistic relationship between the state and local and the theory that local militias originated from Baojia. This paper analyzes the origin of the concept of militia and focuses on the formation and evolution of militia in the early Qing Dynasty. It aims to show that militias were not a unique phenomenon to the late Qing Dynasty, and that the Qing state had already adopted this political strategy under the tense military situation in some border areas to achieve the purpose of consolidating local rule. At the same time, the relationship of militias and Baojia was not original and
evolutionary, but a special relationship of externality and essence.

Key words:  tuanlian militias, xiangyong, Baojia, local militarization

摘要：       学界通常将团练源起时间追溯至嘉庆朝的白莲教起义，并在此基础上得出国家与地方权力冲
突说、团练源于保甲说等片面结论。通过分析“团练”概念源流，梳理清前期地方团练形成及演变，说明
团练并非晚清独有之现象，清廷在部分边地紧张军事形势下早已采用此项政治策略，以达成巩固地方统治
目的。团练与保甲之间并非简单的源流关系，而是某种特殊的表里关系。