Abstract: The Grand Council, as the central organization of the Qing Empire, had played an important role in the development of imperial politics since the mid-Qing. The Manchu Division (Man-ban，满伴）was a common term in the documents of the Grand Council，but scholars have paid little attention to this group. We do not know when it began, nor can we be sure of its personnel and duties. In this essay, the author argues that the Manchu Division was composed of Grand Council clerks, especially the Duty Secretaries值班章京.The officials of the Grand Council usually called them“Manchu old gentlemen”满老先生or Man-ban满班.Manchu Division might refer to Chinese language ban and Manchu language gaksi that was a new term created after the mid-Qianlong period. The appearance and popularity of the Manchu Division marked the maturation of internal mechanisms in the Grand Council.The emperor kept a balance between the Manchu and Chinese clerks by various devices. From the mid-nineteenth century, alienation grew between Manchu and Chinese clerks. Consequently, the Central Organization became rigid, and the political ecosystem finally collapsed completely.

Key words: central organization, Grand Council, Man-ban, Grand Council clerks

摘要： 清代中期以降，军机处作为最重要的中枢机构，在帝国政治发展进程中占有重要地位。“满伴”是军机处档册中经常出现的重要术语，但学界对满伴的人员构成和职能不甚清楚，亦不知满伴的由来。本文通过梳理大量军机处档案和其他满汉文文献，可以确定满伴即指满章京。在“满伴”术语出现和流行之前，军机处的官员使用了满老先生、满班等数个术语来指称满章京。乾隆朝中后期，军机处司员应是借鉴了汉文中关于“伴”的用法和满文中gaksi 一词，创造出了满伴这一混合性的术语。满伴的出现和流行标志着军机处内部机制的成熟，君主亦透过多种手段和资源来平衡满、汉章京。十九世纪中期以后，满、汉章京渐行渐远，中枢机构的运转变得僵化，军机处的这种政治生态也走向覆灭。

关键词: 中枢机构, 军机处, 满伴, 军机章京