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15 July 2021, Volume 0 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Rethinking the Qing Dynasty's Eighteen-century Political Reforms GUO Chengkang 2021, 0(4): 1-5.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3851KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Selection of Auxiliary Personnel and Specialization of the Bureaucracy Reform in the Late Qing Dynasty LIN Haobin 2021, 0(4): 106-117.  Abstract ( )   PDF (9608KB) ( )   The establishment of auxiliary personnel 丞参was an important part of the bureaucratic reform in the late Qing Dynasty, and it reflected the trend of seeking specialization in selection and employment of officials. The selection of auxiliary personnel went through a process of change from the appointment of each department to the pre guarantee of each department and the request of the Grand Council, then to the Department of Supervision and the Grand Council to seek to enhance their influence, and finally the emperor took over the decision-making power for the selection and appointment of auxiliary personnel. In the context of the bureaucratic reform the emperor, the Grand Council, the Department of Supervision, and the ministries re divided and adjusted the selection procedures. Changes in the process show the orientation, path, and complex problems of specialization of bureaucratic reforms in the late Qing Dynasty, reflects the twists and turns from the traditional ministry and academy official selection system to the modern specialized official selection system. The selection of auxiliary personnel had an impact on other official selection in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Textual Research on the Eight Banners' Garrison in Hanzhong in the Early Qing Dynasty QU Cheng 2021, 0(4): 118-133.  Abstract ( )   PDF (12495KB) ( )   Hanzhong was a strategic crossing point between Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces during the suppression of the Three Feudatories. The Qing government had twice set up Eight Banner Garrisons during the Shunzhi and Kangxi reigns. For a variety of reasons, the end of the hostilities, difficulty of the transport and supply, the contradictions between the banner men and the local populace, and the prevention of Sinicization, the garrison in Hanzhong was finally withdrawn. During the Yongzheng and Qianlong reigns, the Qing government once again proposed establishing a garrison in Hanzhong to provide for the livelihood of banner men. However, because the Qing government was at war with the Dzunggars, the plan was scrapped. The establishment and removal of the Hanzhong Garrison indicated that the garrison system was still being adjusted stage before Qianlong reign. The removal of the Hanzhong Garrison also showed that the Qing dynasty had shifted the focus of Eight Banner garrisons from the interior to the frontier and relected the change of national political geography during the process of unification. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Formation of the Management Mode, “Native Officers and Official Officers Co-governancein Minority Areas”in Turpan during the Early Qing Dynasty WANG Qiming 2021, 0(4): 134-142.  Abstract ( )   PDF (7466KB) ( )   Based on textual analysis of transcripts of Manchu palace memorial from Grand Council and other archives, this article first verifies that the Turpan people relocated to Gansu with the Qingmilitary placed under the jurisdiction of the Turpan junior beg in 1761 were later moved to Ili at 1763.Afterwards in 1767, people formerly belonging to the M?nglik were also moved to Ili. From that time on, there was no longer a“Minister of Affairs - Junior beg“management system in Turpan basin.However, the Jasagh system had gained unprecedented status in Turpan, and became the local “hereditaryTusi.” Secondly, the author proves that the description of the scheme to“let the original beg govern” that laid out in the Shilu (veritable records) was based on a misreading of the original Manchu archive“make the original jaèiluqèi manage.” Finally, the author points out that the Qing Dynasty classified the four sumus in western Turpan, which belonged to Jasagh banners initially, to the new leading grand minister(Meyen i amban) during the Qianlong reign. This was the earliest bureaucratization of native officials 改土归流in Xinjiang. Along with the existing Jasagh Junwang administration in eastern Turpan, the special management mode,“Native Officers and Official Officers Co-governance in Minority Areas”also appeared in Turpan. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Transformation of Frontier Governance in Guangxu-Xuantong Period and the “Danpier Case” ZHANG Linxi 2021, 0(4): 143-156.  Abstract ( )   PDF (10827KB) ( )   The Kangxi and Qianlong emperors strengthened the sponsorship of land cultivation in Mongolia and changed the administrative mode over Han Chinese and Mongols from ethnic segregation to jurisdictional separation. However, as the central court increasingly lost control to local interests,private Mongolian cultivators flourished, which finally motivated the late Qing Reform to draw the Mongolian banner lands into the state revenue system. In this reformative attempt, the court authorized Yigu, the General of Suiyuancheng, to publicize the privately cultivated lands and permitted him to cooperate with the Bureau of Reclamation and land dealers. Yigu's way of reforming the cultivation,on the one hand, impeded the landed interests of the Taijis, and on the other hand, redirected the land revenues to the Bureau of Reclamation. Therefore, Yigu's conflict with the Taiji led to his execution of Danpier, a representative Taiji in Yihju League. The court in turn used this event as an excuse to dismiss Yigu and his collaborators. As a result, the Han Chinese and Mongols became integrated. The article demonstrates that other parts of Inner Mongolia followed Yigu's reform and therefore intensified the presence of the state power in Inner Mongolia. In conclusion, this critical change helped to increase the centripetal force of the Republican China over the Jasagh Mongolia. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes and Influences of the Banner Population in the Qing Dynasty LIU Xiaomeng 2021, 0(4): 17-22.  Abstract ( )   PDF (4194KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Qing Dynasty Political System and Southeastern Minorities CHEN Zhiping 2021, 0(4): 23-29.  Abstract ( )   PDF (6016KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Great Qing: A Complex Chinese Dynasty that HonoredManchu Primacy CHANG Jianhua 2021, 0(4): 30-36.  Abstract ( )   PDF (5607KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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"Dynastic State”and the National Transforma ZHAO Shiyu 2021, 0(4): 37-42.  Abstract ( )   PDF (4560KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Emperor's Power versus Empress' Power: Qing Emperors' Control and Suppression of Empresses' Authority MAO Liping 2021, 0(4): 43-59.  Abstract ( )   PDF (12939KB) ( )   For most of the Qing Dynasty, there were few instances of the empresses interfering in state affairs. This article investigates how emperors controlled and suppressed the authority of the empresses using the political system, ritual, and space to understand the dimensions of the "Cleanup of the Inner Palace”. Qing emperors isolated the inner court world by cutting off any connection between the empresses and people outside the court to restrict the empresses' authority from extending beyond the court. Under the control of emperors, the status of Qing empresses changed from “a motherly model of the nation" to "the master of the inner court." Ultimately, empresses could not even make decision son most matters within the inner court. Thus, Qing emperors contained the authority of the empresses efficiently and established their exclusive status inside and outside the court. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Some Thoughts on the Characteristics of the Qing Dynasty DU Jiaji 2021, 0(4): 6-16.  Abstract ( )   PDF (8642KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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A Discussion on the “Inner-Asianess”of the Qing Dynasty from the Viewpoint of Multilingual Composition QIANG Guangmei 2021, 0(4): 60-67.  Abstract ( )   PDF (6304KB) ( )   American scholars of “New Qing History” regard multilingual composition as one of the characteristics of the “Inner-Asianess,” that distinguished the Qing Dynasty from a traditional “Central Plains Dynasty." There are biases and inaccuracies in this point of view, and it does not completely conform to historical logic and facts. First, to a considerable extent, the multi-lingual composition of the Qing Dynasty was the inheritance and development of the political and cultural heritage of the Ming Dynasty, rather than a unique phenomenon of Inner Asia. Secondly, the main motive for the rulers of the Qing Dynasty to advocate the multi-lingual writing was to maintain the governance of a multinational country, rather than to sustain their “Inner-Asianess.” Thirdly, the Qing rulers considered themselves as orthodox in the Central Plain and by using multi-lingual composition, they rebuilt the “an order of shared literacy", which took the Confucianism as the core. In this way, the Qing Dynasty made the transition from Manchurian regime to a great national unity and became a part of Chinese history. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Manchu Division of the Grand Council and the Transition of Central Organization in Qing Empire ZHANG Lingxiao 2021, 0(4): 68-81.  Abstract ( )   PDF (11150KB) ( )   The Grand Council, as the central organization of the Qing Empire, had played an important role in the development of imperial politics since the mid-Qing. The Manchu Division (Man-ban，满伴）was a common term in the documents of the Grand Council，but scholars have paid little attention to this group. We do not know when it began, nor can we be sure of its personnel and duties. In this essay, the author argues that the Manchu Division was composed of Grand Council clerks, especially the Duty Secretaries值班章京.The officials of the Grand Council usually called them“Manchu old gentlemen”满老先生or Man-ban满班.Manchu Division might refer to Chinese language ban and Manchu language gaksi that was a new term created after the mid-Qianlong period. The appearance and popularity of the Manchu Division marked the maturation of internal mechanisms in the Grand Council.The emperor kept a balance between the Manchu and Chinese clerks by various devices. From the mid-nineteenth century, alienation grew between Manchu and Chinese clerks. Consequently, the Central Organization became rigid, and the political ecosystem finally collapsed completely. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Foundation of the Countersignature System of the Grand Council during the Late Qing Dynasty ZHANG Bo 2021, 0(4): 82-95.  Abstract ( )   PDF (10355KB) ( )   The countersignature system originated in the West and was an important part of there responsibility cabinet system. The countersignature system was first discussed and planned during the late Qing Dynasty, although it was compared to the countersignature system of the Grand Council in the Qianlong years, it was still a Western-inspired reform. However, after successive discussions and trade-offs, the countersignature system and the responsible cabinet were separated before the final implementation. Taking advantage of Prince Chun's regency, the Grand Council's counter signature system was promulgated. As for the purpose and definition of the change, there was no expressed explanation. After Pandora's Box was opened, a series of political trends and disputes followed. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Standards for the Employment and the Distribution of Power among the Staff of the Board of Punishments in the Qing Dynasty LI Ming 2021, 0(4): 96-105.  Abstract ( )   PDF (8298KB) ( )   The Board of Punishments preferred to employ the Administrative Associates (including the Directors, Vice Directors, Secretaries) who had long experience in the Board and officials who had passed the recruitment examinations and qualified for government office to meet the demands of important legal affairs. The Board of Personnel preferred unified management of official selection, while the Board of Punishments wanted to enhance its own power to promote staff. During the Jiaqing reign,the Board was crowded with an increasing number of staff who had obtained their positions via paid donation. With the standards for staff members in constant flux, the Board of Punishments gained more independence in official selection and set the requirements for proficiency in the legal affairs. Abundant legal knowledge and adequate judicial experience were the key factors in the power distribution within the Board of Punishments. These criteria ensured the quality of the personnel who handled cases and contributed to the operation of the judicial system. References | Related Articles | Metrics