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A Reconsideration of the Western Learning during the Late Ming and Early Qing Period HUANG Xingtao 2013, 0(1): 1-12.  Abstract ( )   PDF (412KB) ( )   The western learning during the Late Ming and Early Qing Period had its own essential concern，internal structure and system of discourse.A study on the historical changes of the concepts such as“the western learning”or“xixue”，“tianxue”，“xingxue”and“chao xingxue”and their connotations will further our understandings about related problems． The western learning at that time also embraced factors that helped promote modernity as well as cultural implications that transcended time and space． The former primarily manifested in the introduction of the authentic“global awareness”，the changes of notion about time and space that came along with it，and the dissemination of the logical methods and its meaning，the main body of which was deductivereasoning; the latter can be examined by reviewing the value of the new terms and the new concepts created and spread in the process of translation，or by excavating the contents of some of the long-forgotten translations of works in humanities． Related Articles | Metrics

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Paradox of Han Literati in Early Qing Dynasty: the Case of Wei Jirui MA Jiangwei 2013, 0(1): 13-23.  Abstract ( )   PDF (388KB) ( )   During the Ming-Qing transition period，the Han Chinese literati fell into an ideological dilemma． The death of the loyalists made the living both difficult and confused about their identities in such a unique historical situation．Among the tough choices，some were devoted to the former Ming Dynasty and dwelled in seclusion while others hovered between being an official in the Qing government or not． Wei Jirui as a famous personal secretary of various high Qing officials was a good exemplar of the late category. Related Articles | Metrics

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Social Character of Textual Research in the Qing Dynasty ZHANG Xun 2013, 0(1): 24-32.  Abstract ( )   PDF (333KB) ( )   Compared with that of Song and Ming dynasties，the textual research in Qing Dynasty has two distinctive characteristics: 1． It presupposed that Dao was embedded in the classics and can only be achieved by Semantics． So a relatively free atmosphere ofmaintaining Dao was preserved because of the high standards of attaining it． 2．Confucian scholars in Qing dynasty had their special way to preaching Dao which was different from that of scholars in Song and Ming dynasties who taught Dao to the masses． In addition，Qing scholars made clear distinction and clarification between their Dao and the one they spread to the public． They instructed people by rituals but they found there was difference between rituals and the Dao in the classics． Taking the above-mentioned two points into consideration，the core viewpoint of Yang Nianqun's book Where is the Jiangnan that Qing scholars could hardly keep their independence due to the rigid control of the government and evolved into active participation of the political planning of the state administration，is to be reconsidered． Related Articles | Metrics

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A Study of Neo-Confucianism in the First Half of 19th Century ZHANG Ruilong 2013, 0(1): 33-43.  Abstract ( )   PDF (389KB) ( )   Based on the material for the publication and sell of books of Neo-Confucianism，this article makes statistics of the publication of this very sort of book during various periods．Moreover，the author investigates the situation of Neo-Confucianism among the intelligentsia during the first half of 19th century in terms of the opinions of scholars，the adjustment of imperial policy，and the print and writing of books of Neo-Confucianism． In the early years of the reign of Jiaqing，Neo-Confucianism had declined and few scholars were extremely concerned，although various proposals of uphold of this very school could be heard． The Incident of Tianli Sect in the eighteenth year of the reign of Jiaqing forced the Qing to make significant adjustment to its cultural policy，and made Neo-Confucianism part of governmental policy． Neo-Confucianism began to revitalize since the late Jiaqing，especially during the Daoguang reign in terms of the print and writing of books． The ascending of Neo-Confucianism since the period of Daoguang and Xianfeng was the result of this trend． Related Articles | Metrics

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Coin-casting and GDP Estimation of the Qianlong Period: A New Approach DAI Jianbing, XU Ke 2013, 0(1): 44-52.  Abstract ( )   PDF (329KB) ( )   The issue of currency provided the most primitive power to the economic development of Qing under the monetary economy． The money made from central and local casting bureaus became an important source of the GDP.The period of Qianlong was the peak for casting copper coins． The cost and quantity of central and local casting bureaus，called“copper administration”by the Qing government，framed the Qing dynasty's most important part of the national economy． Attention should be paid to the fact that the governmental economic operation had a contribution to the GDP．In addition，careful accounting of the economic data in the traditional Chinese economic model could also be used as a new approach to the GDP estimation of the Qing dynasty． Related Articles | Metrics

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Authenticity of the Grain Price Data of the Qing Yangtze Basin WANG Yuru, LUO Chang 2013, 0(1): 53-69.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2434KB) ( )   Using the data in The Grain Price Table and The Grain Price Database edited by Wang Yeh-chien，this paper conducted a quantified analysis on the authenticity of grain price data from 1736 to 1911． This research indicates that Qianlong's data is more reliable than the data of the Jiaqing and Daoguang period，but the data of the following Xianfeng，Tongzhi，Guangxu，and Xuantong periods are the least reliable． The reliability of price data is of vital importance in analyzing the economic development and should be evaluated in accordance with particular historical environment． Related Articles | Metrics

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Local Transit Tax and Commodity Market of Zhejiang Province in Late Qing Dynasty HOU Peng 2013, 0(1): 70-85.  Abstract ( )   PDF (913KB) ( )   In Zhejiang province，Local Transit Tax system，or the“likin”，was characterized by the refined grasp of market space． In late Qing dynasty，the collecting-inspection system of Local Transit Tax was gradually converted to the monopolized agent system and the whole levy form were extremely complicated and heterogeneous． The seat of toll-gates and the collecting items show clearly the commodity circulation route and types of market involved． This paper also indicates how the collecting system changed to adapt to the market fluctuations，and finally became a part of it． Related Articles | Metrics

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Attached Argument in the Form of Qian in Autumn Joint Retrial in the Qing Dynasty ZHANG Tiantian 2013, 0(1): 86-94.  Abstract ( )   PDF (338KB) ( )   In the Qing official documents，attached argument，or“Qianshang”( Argument in the form of“Qian”) ，means attached documents with which different offices exchange their opinions officially． The “Qianshang”studied here is about the judgments of severe criminal cases reviewed in the Autumn Joint Retrial． The purpose of the Autumn Joint Retrial is designed to review the reported death penalty cases by a committee of officials authorized by the Throne．Officials of this committee could either agree with the decision of Criminal Law Department on whether the criminal should be executed immediately after the Retrial or should get a reprieve，and jointly made a memoir to the Emperor， or，disagreed with the Department and made their arguments to persuade the others in the form of “Qian”，and then report their disputes to the Emperor． The final decision of the life and death of the criminals is the pivot of attached argument in the Autumn Joint Retrial，very often providing detailed review of the case and an important perspective to study the Retrial and other respects of the central juridical system of the Qing． Related Articles | Metrics

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Frontier Disputes and the Beginning of Qing's Management of Mongolians in Qinghai by the Means of Dalai Lama LIU Jin 2013, 0(1): 95-103.  Abstract ( )   PDF (330KB) ( )   In the Shunzhi and Kangxi Period，there were frontier disputes related to pasture，livestock and subjects contention between Mergen Tayiji in Qinghai and the Qing，when the early Qing government was still groping for the proper methods to deal with Mongolians in Qinghai． The scarcity of historical materials limited the study of this period until in recent years the publication of related Manchu and Mongolian archives provided new materials to clarify the history of this period． After difficult negotiations with the Mergen Tayiji，the Qing government finally decided to bring into Dalai Lama the fifth to settle the problems． Although the request of Dalai Lama had been declined by the Mongols， inviting Dalai Lama the fifth to negotiate with Mongols has a significant impact on the Northwestern frontier history in Qing dynasty． Related Articles | Metrics

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The Dominance of Mongolian Jasak Princes of the A-La-Shan Khoshud over Their Tribe Subjects in the Qing Dynasty QI Guang 2013, 0(1): 104-116.  Abstract ( )   PDF (558KB) ( )   This article illustrates the means with which the Jasak princes of the Khoshud Tribe in the A-La-Shan area of Mongolia rule their subjects，based on an analysis of the Gashuk Documents in Mongolian． The entitled and sealed documents were issued by the princes in the Mongol Banner revealing the operation of the society of A-La-Shan Khoshud Tribe in the Qing dynasty． It concludes with a discussion on the relationship between the Qing government and the Khoshud tribe and other Mongolian tribes. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Status of Booi Reconsidered QI Meiqin, CUI Can 2013, 0(1): 117-128.  Abstract ( )   PDF (416KB) ( )   Booi was the integral part of the Qing banners society and the subordinates of the imperial clan． Owing to the double status of booi and its special relations to the imperial family and the Imperial Household，the research on booi is the important part of the Qing politics and banners society． However，the interpretation to the booi has not been clear now． After reviewing the past arguments，this article distinguishes the different names of booi，aha，booi aha and household servant，and identifies the booi as the special name to the numbers of the organization of booi． The use of booi should not be interchanged with aha，booi aha and household servant． Related Articles | Metrics

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A Preliminary Study of the Altar Head in Rural North China in the Qing Dynasty YAO Chunmin 2013, 0(1): 129-137.  Abstract ( )   PDF (331KB) ( )   Altar head，or“She shou”，also called “Wei shou”， “She ling”，“She tou”and “She zhang”in Shanxi Zezhou，was the leader of the Altar ( She) ，which was a ceremonial unit and civil autonomous organizations in North China． According to the stele inscriptions，altar heads had different serving terms． The long-term altar heads generally implement a system of rotation of 4 persons in every 3 years and were elected collectively by the villagers． The short-term altar heads，also called altar supervisors，were usually appointed by the long-term altar head on occasion of public facilities constructions． The identity of She Shou are more complex． Existing data shows that about 1 /10 of them comes from the lower gentry，and the rest are mostly ordinary villagers． During the Qing Dynasty，altar heads hosted seasonal sacrificial ceremonies，the management of village temples，the settlement of ordinary disputes，and coordination of supra-village relationships． Related Articles | Metrics

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“Hong Xuanjiao”Reconsidered LIU Chen 2013, 0(1): 138-141.  Abstract ( )   PDF (188KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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YI Kuang and the abdication of Qing Dynasty ZHOU Zengguang 2013, 0(1): 142-149.  Abstract ( )   PDF (299KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Textual Study on Shizhi in the Qing Royal Family ZHENG Yonghua 2013, 0(1): 150-153.  Abstract ( )   PDF (190KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Review on the Historical Archives of the Tuva ( Vol. 1) Jointly Published by Tuva and Mongolia Teribayar 2013, 0(1): 154-156.  Abstract ( )   PDF (147KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics