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15 November 1997, Volume 0 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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A Reexamination of the thesis that Wan Wu-Dao Zong Created the Tiandi Hui QIN Bao-Qi 1997, 0(4): 1-11.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3300KB) ( )   This article addresses the argument that the “Tiandi Hui was formed by Wan Wu-Dao Zong” which several national scholars such as Mr.IuoZhao and Mr.He Zhiqi have proposed in recent years. This article finds that this is not a new discovery or breakthrough on the topic of the origins of the Tiandi Hui. In fact this was an old theory raised by scholars as early as the 1950’s. secondly, this type of research is unscientific and solely based on inference, thirdly, the research largely relied on “The Confidential Record of Xiang Hua Seng.” While this book was highly praised by the scholars as a precious and valuable resource from the Kangxi period, it was actually, compiled later by individuals who were opposed to the Qing Dynasty and who were themselves influenced by the Tiandi Hui. This work has no value for historical research. Related Articles | Metrics

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Temple Fairs and the Relationship Between Town and Country in the Ming and Qing Dynasties ZHAO Shi-Yu 1997, 0(4): 12-21+62.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3203KB) ( )   Based on a thorough reading of local gazetteers, this article addresses three questions:1)the relationship between town and countryside, as seen through objects offered  for sacrifice at temple fairs;2)the similarities and differences in the commercial and social integration functions of between temple fairs in towns and the  countryside;3)the merger and interaction between temple fairs in towns and in the countryside, and the social and cultural relationship between town and country reflected in this merger and interaction Related Articles | Metrics

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History of Chinese Cotton Spinning Industry and Economic Structure of The Chinese Countryside GAO Wang-Ling 1997, 0(4): 22-30.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3014KB) ( )   The Chinese cotton sponning industry has history of nearly 1000 years. The spread of the cotton spinning industry not only changed traditional Chinese clothing styles. Moreover it changed the economic structure of the Chinese countryside. Simultaneously, over past several hundred years, which the rise of the areas producing superior cotton and cotton cloth, the Chinese economy entered a new stage of development marked by the steady increase of inter-provincal economic exchanges. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Analysis of Real Estate Price in Suian County in the Ming and Qing 1997, 0(4): 31-44.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3330KB) ( )   Based on a vast amount of information from local gazetteers, this essay examines the interaction between the commercial economy and the power of clans, economic and non-economic factors influencing real estate prices, and various features of  patriarchal land ownership as reflected in the price of real estate during the Ming-Qing period in Suian County. Related Articles | Metrics

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On some of problems of the Cahar people’s Westward migratio DA Li-Zha-Bu 1997, 0(4): 45-53.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2940KB) ( )   This paper mainly deals with the reason of the Cahar people’s westward migration and the influence of some battles in the end of the Ming Dynasty. In the author’s opinion, the Cahar people’s westward migration is not to unify the whole Mongolia, but to avoid the attack of the later Ji Related Articles | Metrics

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The article discusses two astronomical instruments made by Western LIU Lu 1997, 0(4): 54-62.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3074KB) ( )   Missionaries were introduced to the Imperial Court in the early Qing. The article argues that:1)the direct reason for the introduction of these instruments into the Qing Court was that they suited the needs of the authority struggle within the court;2)the Qing Court accepted these instruments due to their practicality, not their theoretical depth; 3)in order to gain acceptance, it is necessary to adapt Western culture(material and spiritual) to the existing Chinese cultural environment. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Analysis on the Kongxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong Emperors’ Thought Regrding“Storing Wealth Among the people” QIAN Zong-Fan 1997, 0(4): 63-68.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2821KB) ( )   “Storing wealth among the people” was an important component of Confucian economic thought. The Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong Emperors all absorbed this thought and further developed it in the course of their administration. The idea of “storing wealth among the people” may be summarized as follows: 1)peasants, workers, businessmen, and soldiers should get rich, but opposed attaching great importance to agriculture and despising business; 2)the rich and poor should get rich, but opposed relieving the poor thorough depriving the rich of the wealth;3)they maintained that the officials and the people get rich abiding by the law, and opposed corruption. Related Articles | Metrics

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Historical Lessons from the Rise and decline of the Chinese Navy during the Late Qing Dyna QI Qi-Zhang 1997, 0(4): 69-77.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3106KB) ( )   This essay, through a concrete analysis and inquiry into traditional Chinese ideas, the structure of Chinese modernization, corruption in the modern Chinese navy, and the ignorance of the Qing rulers, concludes that China did have a chance of developing a modern navy, but lost this rare chance during the 50 years from the Opium War to the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of the Qing Government’s Foreign Debt Policy LONG Wu-Hua 1997, 0(4): 78-87.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3177KB) ( )   China’s began to incur foreign debt in the later part of the Qing Dynasty. The origin of this debt can be traced back to the loans and “merchant arrears” to foreign traders of the Canton Cohong. In general, the Qing government’s foreign debt policy can be divided into three stages: the prohibition on borrowing foreign capital, followed by the cautious borrowing of foreign funds and eventually a reliance on foreign debt. These successive policies appeared to haphazard, one-sided and passive. In reality the Qing Dynasty had many specific provisions regarding foreign borrowing, and there was much debate over the merits of foreign borrowing. Assessing government policy, requires a concrete analysis of the actual conditions which avoids oversimplification of government policy. Related Articles | Metrics