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15 November 1998, Volume 0 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Yan Fu’s Theories of Population HU Sheng-Wu 1998, 0(4): 1-11.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3105KB) ( )   The distinctive feature of YanFu’s theory of population was his pioneering analysis of China’s population problems through the application of Darwin’s theory of the survival of the fittest to the survival of races. Yan believed that the deciding factor in the cycle of social stability and unrest was fluctuation in population. He also proposed“two complimentary theories of reproduction”:the“theory of cdueation reducing births”and the“theory of interraeia lmarriage improving off spring.”Yan maintained that human beings must exercise self-control over reproduction，and he advocated eugenics to raise the quality of the population and reduce its rate of inerease. YanFu’s theories，although inappropriate in some ways，were on the whole rational，and they provide some useful guidance for contemporary family planning. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Discussion of the Position of the Reform Movement of 1898 in the Early Stages of China’s Modernization YU He-Ping 1998, 0(4): 12-26.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3469KB) ( )   A common view of the significance of the Reform Movement of 1898 sees it as advancing China modernization from technical to organizational reform. From the standpoint of goals this characterization is reasonable， but in terms of actual outcome the Reform Movement of 1898 failed to reform the political systerm. It cehief significance in China’s early modernization is rather as th efirst relatively comprehensive mobilization for the capitalist modernization of soeiety. In the realm of thought it introduced science and democracy. With regard to the quality of the populace，it laid the foundation for the engineering of the modern person. In the area of social construction，it led to the development of modern collective consciousness. And in the economic order，it was the first step in the construction of capitalist economic ethics. Related Articles | Metrics

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Viewing the Spread of Democratic Thooght During the Late Qing Through the Works of Geographe GUO Shuang-Lin 1998, 0(4): 27-36.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3136KB) ( )   In the process of spreading modern Western democratic thought in late Qing China，the study of geography became increasingly important. This essay primarily examines the different kinds of geographical works compiled at that time and the relationship between the study of geography and the spread of modern western democratic thought in China. It also summarizes the development and special characteristics of Western democratic thought during the late Qing. Related Articles | Metrics

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Early Manchu Polygamy and Its Remnants in the Qing Dynasty DING Yi-Zhuang 1998, 0(4): 37-47+81.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3280KB) ( )   There have been many misunderstandings of the marriage system of the early Manchus. An example is the practice of polygamy，a long一standing custom among ethnic groups in North and Northeastern Asia. In monogamy，where by secondary wives had the status of concubines. It was assumed that wives in polygamous Manchu households were the same as Chinese “concubines.” Originally，polygamy only existed among the nobility and rich families. With the rise of Nuthaci，males took many wives not just as custom but also as a political necessity. Beginning in the Chongde reign of Hong Taiji，polygamy in noble families began to be practiced in accord with the orthodox Chinese concept of monogamy，though it took a longer time for the lineal wife(diqi) to affirm her status and for the secondary wives to drop to the status of concubine. This only occurred in the Yongzheng and Qianlong reigns. Only in noble families was the secondary wife’s name maintained(ce fujin):otherwise it disappeared. These changes developed more slowly among ordinary Manchus，so that the remnants of polygamy could still be found up to the fall of the Qing. Related Articles | Metrics

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Beliefs in Local Guardian Gods and Sub-ethnic Feuds in Taiwan during the Qing Dynasty YAN Zhang-Pao 1998, 0(4): 48-54.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2803KB) ( )   During the Qing dynasty，emigrants to Taiwan from Fujian and Guangdong lived separately in their own communities and separatel yworshipped the gods of their ancestral homes as their guardians. Prior to the Guangxu reign，armed feuds often occurred between emigrant groups from different ancestral homes. Historieally this fighting was known as subethnic feuding. Guardian gods became the spiritual mainstays and temples became the centers of self一defense in these feuds. Some temples were even used as fortresses. During the period of these violent feuds, belief in local gods flourished among the people of Taiwan and the number of temples increased. Related Articles | Metrics

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High Level and Local Officials and the Ban on Christian Activities during the Qianlong Reign MA Zhao 1998, 0(4): 55-63.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3023KB) ( )   The spread of Christianity in China occupies a significant place in the last 300 years of Sino-European cultural interaction. In the eighteenth century, Christianity came under serious attack. The imperial government prohibited its development and persecuted its followers. By analyzing opposition to Christianity among government officials and the policy of prohibition, we can understand the impact of Christianity on the local social structure and political order and also the contradiction between Christian dualism and traditional Chinese monism. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Sources of School-owned Farmland in the Qing Dynast QIAN Rong 1998, 0(4): 64-72.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2997KB) ( )   The sources of school一owned farmland were diverse，including appropriation，donation and purchase. A wide range of people contributed to the enlargement of school一owned land. Officials，gentry，landowners，students and merchants not only voluntarily donated land themselves，but also urged others to contribute. School一owned land was important because the stability of rental income provided dependable material support for education. At the same time the school一owned land system was highly significant because it strengthened the feudal rule of the Qing court and preserved political and economic benefits of clans, merchant groups and other social organizations. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the Response to the Treaty of Shimonoseki in Taiwan and the Historical Achievements of Xu Xin WANG Zheng-Yao 1998, 0(4): 73-81.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2781KB) ( )   This essay examines the intense reactions of the Taiwanese people at all levels of society-gentry, military, official and other representative individuals – after the Treaty of Shimonoseki, and the differences in the response of each of these groups. Among the broad masses who mightily resisted and rose up against Japansese control, Xu Xiang was representative of the bravest, most inspirational and most tragic. The influence of the great resistance struggle of the Taiwan people in 1895 is deep and long-lasting; they wrote a glorious chapter in the modern history of the Chinese people. Related Articles | Metrics

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中国人民大学党史 ZHANG Ming 1998, 0(4): 82-90.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3012KB) ( )   The sorcery practices of the Boxer Movement have long been misunderstood. The practice of “spirit possession” was an important and common feature of the movement. Sorcery was very common in the villages of North China and the Boxers easily coopted these practices. Soreery had both spiritual and Practical values which were used by the Boxers. They utilized soreery to resis their enemies and to wage war. Their use of sorcery was both wide spread and opportunistic. Sorcery was also a method to raise morale. But although it had a place in rural society， it was also looked down upon. Because of this，when the Boxers practiced sorcery，they always avoided using the term. Sorcery was a tool for resisting Western invasion and its appearance at that time represented both the failure of replenishment of the “little tradition.” Related Articles | Metrics