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15 August 1998, Volume 0 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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A Study of the Exchange of the White Banners Between Donarn and Duoze DU Jia-Ji 1998, 0(3): 1-11.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3018KB) ( )   This article discusses Dorgon’s assumption of control of the Pure White Banner in 1636. Dorgon took control of the Pure White Banner from Duoze, it’s original leader, by forcibly seizing control of fifteen of Duoze’s Niru. Afterwards he exchanged control of the Bordered White Banner for control of the Pure White Banner with Duoze. Dorgon’s position as a banner leader was strengthened and his prestige also increased. Dorgon thereby created the conditions to surpass Jierhalong to become the chief minister and personally assume control of all affairs of state. Related Articles | Metrics

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北京市社会科学院历史所 WU Jian-Yong 1998, 0(3): 12-22.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3204KB) ( )   The tea trade was so important to Sino-Western relations in the early Qing that the eighteenth century has been called the “tea century.” By dividing the Sino-Western tea trade into three phases, this essay examines the quantity and types of tea imported to Europe in each phase, the changes in the types of tea and the reasons for the changes, the tea trade’s impact on the economy of the coastal areas of Southeast China. The author especially examines the sale, distribution and other related aspects of the tea trade in Europe, particularly Britain and also investigates the suitability and potential of Qing handicrafts and commerce in the world market, providing a new perspective on these issues. Related Articles | Metrics

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The System of Interest Bearing Silver in the Qing Dynasty ZHANG Jian-Hui 1998, 0(3): 23-29.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2837KB) ( )   This essay examines the system of interest一bearing silver，a nimportant financial and economic institution during the Kangxi reign. Before the Kangxi reign the Ministry of Revenue managed the system of interest一bearing silver. During the Kangxi reign the system of interest一bearing went through two phases of development. In the first phase from the initial years of his reign to the 56th year，Kangxi shifted responsibility for the system from the Ministry of Revenue to the Neiwufu(the authority responsible for imperial affairs).The army of the Eight Banners and some of their troops also setup the Gong Ku(this body loaned Qing government silver)and the Gang Shan Ku(similar to the Gong Ku，but its interest rate was lower)and En Shang(whieh award the interest earned on loans to Imperial relatives).In the second phase from the 56th year of the Kangxi reign until his death，Kangxi abolished the Gong Ku，and limited the scope of system of interest一bearing silver. Related Articles | Metrics

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Commercial in Chongqing from the Qianlong to Daoguan XU Tan 1998, 0(3): 30-40.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3008KB) ( )   Based on“Select Archival，Materials for Baxian County during the Qianlong，Jiaqing and Daoguang Reigns” and local gazetteers, the author systematically examines special features of the urban economy of Chongqing and the occupational composition of its inhabitants. The author found that non一native merehants dominated commercial and service activities，constituted the core of economic activities in Chongqing，and controlled the lively hoods of the majority of Chongqing’s inhabitants. By the mid一Qing，Chongqing had become a major commercial city. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Circumstances and Reasons for Hoarding Copper Cash in Mid-eighteenth-Century China ZHANG Xiao-Ye 1998, 0(3): 41-49.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1681KB) ( )   The boarding of copper coins during the mid-eighteenth century was a recurrent problem for the Qing government. Reports from local officials at the time reveal that the problem varied regionally partly due to social and natural factors, and more importantly, because of differences in regional levels of economic development. Understanding the history of the boarding of copper cash provides insights into the complicated circumstances that the Chinese economy faced during the process of transition from a traditional economy to a market economy. Related Articles | Metrics

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Social Instability and the Development of Local Militia (tuanlian) in Guangdong Province During the Jlaqing DU Zhong-Wan 1998, 0(3): 50-61.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3159KB) ( )   Examining the relationship between local militias and other local armed organizations such as secret societies and pirates, this article explicates the rise and development of local militia during the Jiaqing reign, the article provides a new perspective on the historical origins of the popular resistance against the English aggressors in Guangdong during the Opium War. Related Articles | Metrics

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Capital Appeals in the Late Qing ZHAO Xiao-Hua 1998, 0(3): 62-70.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2997KB) ( )   This article analyzes capital in the late Qing. Capital appeals were an important part of the feudal appellant procedure. With the decline of the feudal political order, the capital appeal system became a serious problem for the Qing rulers during the later years of the dynasty. In fact，frequent wars，bureaueratic corruption and the interference of“legal pettifoggers”were all important social faetors that led to an inerease in capital appeals Furthermore，most capital appeals were inefficiently tried. This analysis of capital appeals，both advances our understanding of both the feudal political and legal systems. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Political Claims of the Constitutionalists in the First Session of the Late Qing Advisory Council WANG Kai-Xi 1998, 0(3): 71-76.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2682KB) ( )   In 1910, the elected councilors of the Advisory Couneil were a powerful force advocating constitutionalism. The Constitutionalists, as representatives of entire people of China advocated the rapid convention of the proposed National Parliament given the crisis of national salvation. For this reason, the Constitutionalists proposed motions，interrogated government officials and impeached the prime minister. They even openly and radically criticized the emperor’s instructions as “conducting despotism on behalf of constitutionalism.” This was unprecedented in the two thousand year history of China’s feudal and despotic society. However, the Constitutionalists did not dare nor did they wish to break with the Qing dynasty never mind instigate an armed revolution. This represents the limitations and tragedy of the Chinese national bourgeois in a semi-feudal and semi一colonial society. Related Articles | Metrics