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15 May 1998, Volume 0 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Research on the Frontier History of the Qing Dynasty MA Da-Zheng 1998, 0(2): 1-5.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1986KB) ( )   The frontier history of the Qing dynasty is an important and rapidly developing field of historical research. The times demand and the scientific development of the field, requires new breakthroughs in Qing frontier history. Topics which need research include: continuity and change of frontier management concepts, the study of frontier society, as well as other aspects of frontier history. The preconditions for the development of Qing frontier history are the exploration of new ways of thought, unearthing new source materials and the diversification of research methods. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Unity of Border Areas in the Qing Dynasty QING Chao-Bian-Jiang-Tong-Yi 1998, 0(2): 6-16.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3188KB) ( )   Unity is the opposite of separatism and it is a long-term arduous process. Taking unity their goal, the rulers of the Qing dynasty were adept in dealing with the contradiction between unity and opposition, and in seizing the opportune moment to unify the country. They suppressed separatism and effectively extended their jurisdiction and sovereignty over the border areas, thus unifying the country. The unity of the Qing dynasty was the wish of all nationalities in the border areas and it gave a great impetus to the consolidation and development of the unitary multi-national state of China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Tenancy Relations as Reflected in the Land Contracts of the Mongolian Banner of Rehe in the Qing Dynasty WANG Yu-Hai 1998, 0(2): 17-28.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3045KB) ( )   The land contracts of the Mongolian Banner of Rehe were numerous and can be divided into three broad categories: rental contracts, mortgage contracts(dianmai) and sale contracts. These contracts reveal that Mongolian nobility and monks were the principal renters of banner land, although Mongolian commoners also rented out a small amount of land. Han Chinese land merchants and “monopolists”(lantou) were the middlemen in the tenancy process and the major resellers of surface rights in land. Tenants were mostly Han Chinese peasants. Those who mortgaged land were mostly impoverished Mongolian owner-peasants and Han Chinese tenants. In the process of mortgaging land the price of tenancy rights steadily increased and the control of Mongolian banner land gradually fell into the hands of those who owner the tenancy rights. Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Dualistic Administrative System of the Mo-Nan Mongols ZHANG Yong-Jiang 1998, 0(2): 29-40.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3167KB) ( )   Broadly speaking, in Qing dynasty Mongolia there were two administrative systems that differed in nature and function: the Mongolian banner system(Meng-qi) and the Chinese bureaucratic system(dao-fu-zhou-xian). The banner system, which was established among the nomadic Mongols during the early Qing, was compatible with the established among the nomadic Mongols during the early Qing, was compatible with the existing system of princes, and allowed for a degree of autonomy. The institution of the Chinese bureaucratic system accompanied a great increase in Han farming communities during the mid-Qing. These two administrative systems coexisted and reflected very complicated administrative relations. Related Articles | Metrics

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Population Migration to Mongol in Early Period of Qing Dynasty and Restrictive Polices of Qing Government SUN Zhe 1998, 0(2): 41-50.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3092KB) ( )   Population migration to Mongol from central China reached unprecedented levels during the Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong reigns. The Qing government opposed, or at best was unenthusiastic for, this spontaneous migration. As this migration steadily increased, the Qing government issued a series of orders to restrict it. Ultimately the ban on migration failed, despite the fact that the Qing dynasty was able to control the entire country tightly and effectively during this perid. Why? Through an examination of the trends in migration and the development of the government’s restrictive polices, this paper attempts to offer a reasonable explanation. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Salary Appropriate System and Other Problems in Xing Jiang during Qian Long Period LI Sheng 1998, 0(2): 51-65.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3494KB) ( )   After Qing Government united Xingjiang, the officials and the soldiers’ salary mainly depended on the appropriate funds of the Central government and other inland provinces. Based on many archives materials, this article analyses the form and perfection of the appropriate system, concluding the applying, canceling after verification, assignation those funds. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comments on the Battle of JinChuan during the Qian Long Emperor LI Hong-Bin, BAI Jie 1998, 0(2): 66-76.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3174KB) ( )   During the reign of the Qianlong emperor government forces suppressed a local rebellion in Jinchuan. The “Battle of Jianchuan” as it has become known, was consistent with state strategy which aimed at maintaining the unity of the nation, protection its territory and frustrating foreign invasion. The fighting was prolonged due to errors in decision-making, leadership, strategy and tactics. Enormous amount of money was wasted, but the rebellion was suppressed. After the fighting ended, a profound change occurred in the area. Jinchuan broke through the confinement and isolation of the past and the entire society advanced. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Inquiry to the Ideological Root of the Coastal Areas and Territorial Seas Policy in the Qing Dynasty HE Yu 1998, 0(2): 77-89.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3463KB) ( )   Through an exhaustive analysis of the historical records, this article concludes that the ideological roots of the coastal areas and territorial seas policy of the Qing government sprang from the Confucian method of frontier administration. Taking humanity and justice as its core, conciliation as its means, and defensive preparations as its deterrent force, the policy advocated changing the foreign countries which dealt with China and influencing them morally to enable these countries to achieve order and render the whole world peaceful. The author further finds that the Qing rulers of China did not merely inherit the traditional thought on frontier administration but also made many breakthroughs and developments. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Uneven Development of Border Areas in the Qing Dynasty:An Perspective from the Angle of Economic Demography ZHANG Shi-Ming 1998, 0(2): 90-101.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3319KB) ( )   Genealogies(jia pu) are important historical source materials. Based on an analysis of a large quantity of genealogies, this essay examines the conditions under which migration occurred and the relationship between the activities of migrants and the uneven development of border areas. It also highlights the special characteristics of migrant societies and its differences with traditional society. This article also utilizes research methods of economic demography. Related Articles | Metrics