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15 May 2004, Volume 0 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Transformation of Traditional Famine Relief in the Jiading-Baoshan Region from the Qing to the Early Republican Era:From Famine Relief to Self-Government WU Tao 2004, 0(2): 1-16.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1304KB) ( )   Through an examination of the interrelations between special circumstances of disaster assistance and the local custom of providing relief this article outlines the establishment and spread of the fenchang system of relief ( 分厂制度) in Jiading and Baoshan from the Qing to the early Republican period This examination provides the basis for an inquiry into the relationship between late Qing early Republican local self-government, the changing function of relief directors , and the forms of rural administration.During the early Qing, the market town was the administrative locus of relief activities, afterward these units gradually became formal administrative divisions By the late Qing and early Republic, even though the boundaries of the fenchang were not always clear, the self-governing units of the region were defined according to the area of the existing fenchang. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Relief Efforts of Jiangnan Gentry-Merchants on Behalf of Refugees from the Boxer Uprising LI Wen-Hai, ZHU Hu 2004, 0(2): 17-26.  Abstract ( )   PDF (399KB) ( )   In the later stage of the Boxer Uprising , a group of Jiangnan gentry-merchants mobilized substantial resources to provide relief for refugees displaced by the fighting between Western forces and the Boxers in northern China.This sort of trans-regional relief effort was unprecedented in China.It had its origins in the philanthropic and famine relief traditions of Jiangnan , and it also drew on the example of the Western public welfare like the Red Cross Society.This combination of Chinese regional traditions and Western examples foreshadowed the birth of modern public welfare in China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Yao Ying and the Rise of the Tongcheng Statecraft School SHI Li-Ye 2004, 0(2): 27-33.  Abstract ( )   PDF (559KB) ( )   During the Jiaqing reign the Tongcheng school of learning began to change giving rise to a younger group of statecraft scholars that were led by Yao Ying. This essay evaluates and discusses this regional phenomenon in intellectual and cultural history. The author maintains that the rise of the Tongcheng statecraft school was indicative of the transformation of Qing society and intellectual circles. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Redefinition of the Word Minzhu in the Late Imperial China TAN Huo-Sheng 2004, 0(2): 34-45.  Abstract ( )   PDF (687KB) ( )   The article examines the changing connotation of the Chinese word minzhu from the perspective of historical linguistics.First ,the article analyzes the classical Chinese meanings of the words minzhu (民主)and minben (民本)and their positions in the traditional political thought.Second , it discusses how missionaries and native thinkers in late imperial China“re-explained”the word Minzhu.As a result , the connotation of the word minzhu was transformed from the“master of the people”to“the people as a master”. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Discussion of Liang Qichao’s Views of Nationalism and the Process of his Political Transformation or statism LI Chun-Fu 2004, 0(2): 46-60.  Abstract ( )   PDF (508KB) ( )   In the early twentieth century , Liang Qi-chao’s political philosophy was undergoing a rapid transformation.Among these changes , his shifting view of nationalism (国家主义)was central to an ongoing makeover of his political thought.This essay focuses on Liang’s contrast of J.J.Rousseau’s democracy with J C.Bluntschli’s nationalism in the period prior to his travel to America.Based on an examination of Liang’s views on these two thinkers , the author clarifies Liang’s perspective on nationalism as well as the nature of his political transformation.The author concludes that prior to Liang’s trip to America in February 1903 , the development of his views on nationalism was incremental , as indicated by his gradual turning away from Rousseau’s theory of democracy and his eventual conversion to Bluntschli’s theory of nationalism. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Examination Concerning Fixed Taxes of Qing’s Queguan system QI Mei-Qin 2004, 0(2): 61-70.  Abstract ( )   PDF (400KB) ( )   The core content of the Qing’s Queguan system was tax revenue , and the core content of tax revenue was the definition of“fixed taxes”. The definition of“Fixed taxes”started from the Ming’s chaoguan. In the midst of the Qing rulers inheriting and developing the Ming’s chaoguan system , the first task was to recheck the“fixed tax”of Ming’s chaoguan and to be sure of the definition of the Qing’s newly increased the “fixed tax”of queguan. The Qing’s“fixed tax”examined in this essay gives special reference to two parts : the exact amount of income and the surplus. Related Articles | Metrics

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Land Taxation Administration in the Qing Dynasty: Jianyang County Land Tax Case during Qianlong Period HE Ping 2004, 0(2): 71-77.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1407KB) ( )   The adjustment of tax rates and the policy-making mechanism of taxation were indicative of important trends in land taxation policy in Qing Dynasty Among the numerous cases of tax revision during the early Qing the case of Jianyang County, Fujian province in the first year of the Qianlong reign provides a vivid example for understanding the administration of land taxation This case demonstrated that the central government controlled land tax adjustment, but, in some situations, the practice varied The analysis clearly reveals that the taxation system of the Qing court was actually based on an interplay between the strict principle of central control and local flexibility Related Articles | Metrics

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Disputes over Irrigation Works in the Hexi Corridor Of The Qing Dynasty: An Examination of Disputes in the Heihe and Shiyang River Basins WANG Pei-Hua 2004, 0(2): 78-82+116.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1194KB) ( )   Floodgates were built to irrigate farmlands in the Hexi corridor in the Qing Dynasty Intense struggles over access and use of water among several counties situated in drainage region of the Hei river and Shiyang rivers were common This involved disputes between counties and within counties The factors that caused disputes over water were both natural and human-made The shortage of water limited economic and social full development of the Hex i Corridor Related Articles | Metrics

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Litigation Masters and the Public Sphere: Grain Tax Lawsuits in the Qing ZHANG Xiao-Ye 2004, 0(2): 83-91.  Abstract ( )   PDF (733KB) ( )   If one can speak of a“public sphere”in Qing society , the litigation masters were active participants in it.For example , they boldly engaged in an endless stream of lawsuits over the grain tax thereby assuming a distinctive role in public affairs.As a result ,local officials were very disgusted with them. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Question of “Peace" and “War" in Modern China’s Foreign Warfare LIN Hua-Guo 2004, 0(2): 92-97.  Abstract ( )   PDF (432KB) ( )   There are some scholars who feel that China in the modern period was far behind the West. Using military force to resist Western invaders must lead to defeat , so the wisest tactic should be to abandon military force as resistance and conclude a peace treaty as early as possible , then later collect all China’s power to engage in modernization , wait until China had caught up to the West , and then later have a contest. On the contrary , if China persisted in resistance , not only would it lose the great“Not War but Peace”, but also it could delay the course of modernization. This essay puts forth an opinion different from the viewpoint of these scholars. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Reexamination of the Status of Women in the Taiping State XIA Chun-Tao 2004, 0(2): 98-108.  Abstract ( )   PDF (683KB) ( )   Although the Taipings put forth a variety of advanced views regarding the status of women and enacted several praiseworthy measures that did improve the plight of women to some degree , there were no substantial changes in the traditional structure of male dominance or the notion that women belonged at home.In reality , Taiping society was a purely male-centered society in which women were completely dependent on men.Hong Xiuquan and other leaders had no potential at all to develop a modern concept of male-female equality or women’s liberation ideology. Related Articles | Metrics