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15 August 2004, Volume 0 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Change in Salt Regulation and the Conception of Salt Administration in the Local Society: Market, Assessment, and Salt Administration in Ganzhou Prefecture during the Kangxi Reign HUANG Guo-Xin 2004, 0(3): 1-10.  Abstract ( )   PDF (585KB) ( )   Previous research on the salt administration has examined finance , military affairs , merchants , commerce and capitalism to understand the salt administration.This article analyzes change in salt administration in Ganzhou Prefect ,Jiangxi province during the reign of Kangxi , to demonstrate that the identity of the salt districts was based on the local market , and that these local markets together with administrative institutional factors were important determinants of local society’s response to the dynasty , in which assessment (kaocheng) was key to the implementation of the salt administration in local society. Related Articles | Metrics

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Increased Salt Prices and the Intervention of the Senior Provincial Officials in Politics during the Ban on Opium in the Late Qing LIU Zeng-He 2004, 0(3): 11-21.  Abstract ( )   PDF (634KB) ( )   Increasing the price of salt as a compensation for the loss of opium taxation was an important fiscal measure during the ban on opium in the late Qing , but this caused many complicated controversies in the court and placed financial burden on the people.Naturally , the great burden of the increased salt price on the people’s livelihood led to the opposition.By this measure , the central government had intended to centralize state power over salt affairs , and this inevitably damaged the financial interests of the salt-producing and selling areas.Therefore , many senior provincial officials joined together to intervene in the decisions of the central government by frequent telegrams , thwarting the realization of the anticipated centralization of the state power. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Economic Exploitation And Folk Custom In The Boundary Territory of SiChuan, Hubei and Shanxi Provinces During Qing Dynasty ZHENG Zhe-Xiong, ZHANG Jian-Min, LI Jun-Jia 2004, 0(3): 22-31.  Abstract ( )   PDF (666KB) ( )   Abstract The boundary territory of SiChuan , Hubei and Shanxi provinces is one of the most representational mountainous areas in China . During the Qing dynasty it became an important room for economic activities . With a great many of outlanders pouring in , the farming , the handicraft industry and the opening up of forestry developed rapidly , their outputs increased a lot . All these contributed to the breaking of“low-energy ecosystems”characterized by the economic structure of low-production and low-consumption. On the other hand , the exploiture actions of the incomers, as well as the restriction of the resources in the area led to the instability of social and economic development , and furthermore , the sharp deterioration of the environments. Related Articles | Metrics

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Green Standard Army and Migration in Yunnan during the Qing Dynasty QIN Shu-Cai, TIAN Zhi-Yong 2004, 0(3): 32-40.  Abstract ( )   PDF (553KB) ( )   the enlistment and deployment of Green Standards, the distribution and changes of xun and tang , as w ell as the Qing government s increasing control over frontiers, deter mined the inevitable connection between Green Standards and migration problem in the Qing Dynasty the soldiers of Green Standards and their dependents not only shaped three types of mig ration in Yunnan, resulting in 380, 000 mig rants entering Yunnan, but also played a very important and influential role in popular migration during the Qing Dynasty Related Articles | Metrics

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Disaster Defense and Reduction Policies in the Qing Dynasty CHEN Hua 2004, 0(3): 41-52.  Abstract ( )   PDF (664KB) ( )   Throughout the ages Chinese society attached great importance to the development of defense against and effective countermeasures for natural disasters.The Qing dynasty represented the culmination of centuries of experience with defense and relief of natural disasters.This article examines government policies and responses , including food supply , river control and levee building , eradication of locusts , information dissemination , and presents a broad overview of disaster defense and reduction during the Qing Dynasty. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cooperation between Official and Civil Social Welfare Institutions in Baoqing  Prefecture in the Qing Dynasty LEI Ni, WANG Ri-Gen 2004, 0(3): 53-58.  Abstract ( )   PDF (319KB) ( )   In the Qing Dynasty Baoqing prefecture in Hunan Province was a remote and economically underdeveloped region.In order to overcome hardships , such as natural calamities , epidemics , poverty and female infanticide , social welfare institutions naturally came into being.Furthermore , there was an obvious trend toward cooperation between official and civil institutions.Local social custom , official and gentry initiatives , as well as“courtesy toward commoners”educational measures facilitated this cooperation. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Nature of Islamic Religious Sects in Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty PAN Xiang-Ming 2004, 0(3): 59-66.  Abstract ( )   PDF (504KB) ( )   Some scholars believe that Sufi was the mainstream of Islamic Religious Sects in Xinjiang in the Qing Dynasty , but Sunni was dominant in the later times. However , the author maintains the Islamic Religion in Xinjiang followed the Sunni Practices ; The Rhojas , leaders of Islamic Religion in Xinjiang in the early Qing dynasty , came from a Central Asian Mystic Order of Sufi , but this did not change the local tradition of Sunni ; and the Sufi , which was quite different from the traditional Sunni rites and other aspects , appeared in the late Qing and the early Republic. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chinese Public Opinion on the Suzerain-vassal System during the Ryukyu Affair HE Cheng 2004, 0(3): 67-77.  Abstract ( )   PDF (631KB) ( )   During the Ryukyu Affair , the suzerain-vassal system between China and Ryukyu Islands was on the verge of collapse.What was the evolving Chinese public opinion regarding this event ? At the outset , the public demanded that the Qing government fight to retain the Ryukyu Islands , this gave way to a demand to abandon it , but ultimately public opinion supported retention.Actually , all these popular demands focused on suzerainty , unlike the J apanese demand to annex the Ryukyu Islands.Because the Chinese concept of foreign affairs lagged behind the international reality , the Qing government inevitably took a passive position on the Ryukyu Affair. Related Articles | Metrics

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Yuan Mei’s Viewpoints and Doubts about the Confucian Classics HUANG Ai-Ping 2004, 0(3): 78-87.  Abstract ( )   PDF (630KB) ( )   Yuan Mei was the most distinguished eighteenth-century litterateur and poet in the China as well as a great thinker and scholar , though prior research has ignored these latter contributions .This paper explains Yuan Mei ’s thoughts and explores his standpoint that the Six Classics were documents and his doubts regarding the Classics .The article also evaluates the value and significance of his views and concludes that in the realm of Qing intellectual circles, Yuan Mei deserved his distinguished position. Related Articles | Metrics

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Yu Yue’s Thoughts on the Gongyang LUO Xiong-Fei 2004, 0(3): 88-94.  Abstract ( )   PDF (472KB) ( )   Yu Yue was a famous scholar of Confucianism.His major interests and main scholarship were on philology.His thoughts on the Confucian Classics tended to agree with the Gongyang School.The essence of the Gongyang School was illustrated in the study of Yu Yue.Yu Yue regarded the Six Classics as a complete work and believed that the Gongyang thought embodied the essence of Confucius’thought when he compiled Six Classics. Related Articles | Metrics