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15 November 2004, Volume 0 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Contention and Noncontention between the Han School and Song School during the Qianlong and Jiaqing period—Take Si Ku Quan Shu Zong Mu as Focus ZHOU Ji-Ming 2004, 0(4): 1-18.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1121KB) ( )   The contention between the Han school and Song school during the Qianlong and Jiaqing period is a key problem in the Qing academic history. After searching and arranging the materials , through transforming the field of vision , the author points out that , between the Han school and Song school during the Qianlong and Jiaqing period , there were not only the contention but also the compromise and compatibility , which coexisted in the academic circles of the Qianlong and Jiaqing period. So , it is not desirable to take a one-sided approach to them. However , the compromise and the contention between the Han school and Song school were not in the same level. The former was in the level of methodology ,the latter in the level of philosophical concepts namely value outlooks. The former was able to arrive at a compromise , thelatter was not . It was the uncompromise that breed the modern transformation of ideological types. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Analysis of Ruan Yuan’s Reconciliation of the Han and Song Schools of Thought ZHONG Yu-Fa 2004, 0(4): 19-25.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1919KB) ( )   Ruan Yuan ( 1764-1849) was a very famous scholar-bureaucrat during the reigns of Qianlong, Jiaqing and Daoguang in the Qing Dynasty He was deeply affected by the school of Han Learning in Anhui which originated from Dai Zhen ( 1723-1777) Ruan agreed with the scholastic method of finding the Y i-Li from phonetics and etymology Furthermore, he stood for the Han Learning and restrained the Song Learning in his works .Ruan advocated seeking truth from facts and the goal of applying scholarship to statecraft , but, as the Mount Taishan and the North Star of the academic circles of his time, Ruan Yuan w as not satisfied with the sectarian bias of the Han learners He worked hard to reconcile the debate between the Han and the Song schools of thought, because the Song learning served as the official philosophy and the Han Learning increasingly lost contact with reality. Ruan Yuan’s effort to reconcile the debate exerted a great influence on the academic circles of the Late Qing Dynasty, especially the Ling-Nan school which was lead by Lin Botong ( 1775-1845) and Chen L i ( 1810-1882). Related Articles | Metrics

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Folk Memory and the Ideology of Empire:An Analysis of the “Sisters Ballad" a Song of the “White Lotus" Revolt in Shandong Province during Tongzhi Reign DANG Wei 2004, 0(4): 26-32.  Abstract ( )   PDF (509KB) ( )   By contrasting the content of a ballad , proclaiming the“White Louts”Revolt in Shandong province during the Tongzhi reign of the Qing dynasty , with the standard history of the period , this article identifies the existence of“folk time”that was different from“imperial time ,”and demonstrates how imperial ideology permeated and molded the folk world.The author concludes that folk time was elastic and different from the persistent imperial time.Imperial ideology infiltrated into and molding the folk world and through the use of its defining concepts it indoctrinated the folk world. Related Articles | Metrics

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Conflict and Split under the Cross: Analysis of Hong Xiuquan’s Political Personality WEI Wan-Lei 2004, 0(4): 33-45.  Abstract ( )   PDF (721KB) ( )   This article employs Erik H. Erikson’s identity theory to analyze the formation of Hong Xiuquan’s political personality and to explain the Taiping Rebellion.The author reexamines many important questions regarding the Taiping rebellion and argues that political behavior has much to do with identity crisis in childhood.According to the author , political action originates with identity , then an identity crisis results in a political identification crisis , which interacts with outer factors that can result in political revolution. Related Articles | Metrics

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Legal Mechanisms for Protecting Business Travel in the Qing Dynasty: The Example of Xijiang Zhengyao GONG Ru-Fu 2004, 0(4): 46-50.  Abstract ( )   PDF (255KB) ( )   Safety of business travel w as an important social issue in commercial society, and was of primary importance to the formation and stability of the market .To ensure safety, the basic rules and laws governing business travel established norms regarding the legal responsibilities of porters, boatmen and innkeepers this paper analyzes the legal statutes and some cases from the Xijiang Zhengyao, that involved regulations concerning business travel safety adopted in Qing Dynasty the article discusses the commercial operations and administration in the later stages of China’s feudal society to shed historical light on the present day settlement of issues concerning the allocation of responsibilities among economic principals. Related Articles | Metrics

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Revisiting the Motivation for Legal Reform in the Late Qing: Zhang Zhidong and Consular Jurisdiction GAO Han-Cheng 2004, 0(4): 51-58.  Abstract ( )   PDF (507KB) ( )   For a long time , it has been widely believed that the main cause of legal reform in the late Qing was the conditional promise made by the Renewed Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Britain and China , which prescribed the abandonment consular jurisdiction.In fact , it was Zhang Zhidong who brought up the abandonment of consular jurisdiction when he was negotiating with Britain in 1902.Zhang initiated the principle of“legal reform to regain consular jurisdiction”in order to advance Western learning in China.But , soon afterwards , Zhang repudiated the principle in order to safeguard his version of legal reform and fight against Shen Jiaben’s legal reform.We can conclude that regaining consular jurisdiction was only one part of late Qing Reform legal reform not the aim.As a part of overall state reform , legal reform was subordinate to the overall reform , it did not have a rationale of its own. Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on Land Use in Nanyang County in the Late Qing Dynasty FU Hui 2004, 0(4): 59-70.  Abstract ( )   PDF (749KB) ( )   Relying on information extracted from a detailed survey of land use in Nanyang County in late Qing Dynasty , this article analyzes the landscape characteristics and human activities on cultivated land in Nanyang County.Using Map Info technology to examine land productivity and population supporting capacity provides an effective method for quantifying regional man-land relationships.Moreover this technique provides a reasonable method to evaluate the intensity of land use and the distribution of cultivated.The article finds that land distribution tended to vary with the topography , and that land use intensity was closely related to the crop structural adjustment in the agricultural land. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Community Administrator in Xinjiang in Late Qing and Early Republican China DUAN Zi-Cheng 2004, 0(4): 71-79.  Abstract ( )   PDF (397KB) ( )   In the late Qing and early Republic, the traditional Baike System of local administration in Xinjiang was unsuitable to needs of development The flexible organizational form of the community administrators and its increasingly strengthened comprehensive administrative function were better suited to both the human and geographical environment of the region at that time ,however , and this form of local administration was thus adopted broadly in Xinjiang .Following the strengthening of the community administrator as a comprehensive administrative unit in Xinjiang, there was also collusion between the community administrators and government officials that included the sale of land allocated to t he administrator In this way the leaders of the community administrator heavily exploited the local population. Related Articles | Metrics