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15 February 2005, Volume 0 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Wu Tingfang in the Secret Archives of Japan KONG Xiang-Ji, CUN Tian-Xiong-二Lang 2005, 0(1): 1-20.  Abstract ( )   PDF (4200KB) ( )   Utilizing the diplomatic archives of Japan,this  essay recounts the secret contacts between Wu Tingfang and Japanese diplomatic officials in China.Wu’s provision of high-level intelligence of the Qing government to  the Japanese，as well as the origin and development of the acute contradiction between   Weng Tonghe and Li Hongzhang .The article provides a comprehensive understanding of Wu Tingfang. Related Articles | Metrics

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From Poor Scholar to Confucian Apotheosis: The Process of Adoration and Idolization of Zhang Luxiang HU Hua-Wei 2005, 0(1): 21-31.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1091KB) ( )   This paper outline the transformation of Zhang Lvxiang from a common Confusion scholar to a god posthumously fete in the Confusion Temple.During this process central government figures,and local officials and elites remodeled Zhang’s character，and made  him a regional symbol or national apotheosis of Confucianism.The elevation of Zhang was useful and powerful in carrying on the Confusion tradition and maintaining legitimate authority.During  this process of canonization ，national and local elites simultaneously cooperated and crashed.The process reflected the  cultural mechanics of society and needs of times. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Imperial Patriarchal Clan and the Inheritance System in the Qing Dynasty DU Jia-Ji 2005, 0(1): 32-46.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1360KB) ( )   Challenging the conventional wisdom that there was no distinction between Di (sons of wives) and Shu(sons of concubines) in the Manchurian imperial patriarchal clan system，this paper analyzes imperial genealogies (Yudie),and demonstrates that there were strict distinctions between Di and Shu.Shu were eligible only when there was no Di or when Di abdicated.This was the same practice used throughout Chinese history.When the right to the throne was confined to Di,there was a change from elder brother to younger brother inheriting the throne，to father to  son during the early Qing.This paper also examines the weakening of the rigid distinction between Di and Shu in the imperial patriarchal clan system. Related Articles | Metrics

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Yuan Shikai’ s Secret Report During the Reform Movement of 1898: Discussions with Mr. Guo Weidong LIU Lu-Sheng 2005, 0(1): 47-54.  Abstract ( )   PDF (815KB) ( )   This   essay  proves that neither Yuan Shikai’ s nor Xu Shichang’s informing against the Reform Movement of 1898 was the essential condition for the movement’s failure。Furthermore，it was Ronglu who accept the message from Yuan nor Yikuang.Yuan was  not  attached to the reformist group，and Emperor Gguangxu had appreciated Yuan’s ability prior theadvent of the Reformist Group.For Yuan，saving the emperor was  tantamount to saving himself .The later rise of Yuan was not a reward from the Empress dowager for exposing the reforms. Related Articles | Metrics

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Reasons for Changes in the Ecological Environment of Southern Shaanxi in the Qing Dynasty JIA Hong-Wei 2005, 0(1): 55-66.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1050KB) ( )   In current studies，most scholars neglect natural elements when  they study the evolution of the ecological environment in Shanxi in  the Qing Dynasty.This paper believes that it was the natural and social elements that altogether caused the deterioration of the ecological environment in this region.Climate evolution,geology，and physiognomy ，which have been ignored in academic circles，deserves more  attention. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Case Study of Huizhou Salt Merchants: Analysis of the Shuwen Shizhang Gao JIANG Qiao-Zhen, SUN Cheng-Ping 2005, 0(1): 67-74.  Abstract ( )   PDF (836KB) ( )   Shuwen Shizhang Gao was a manuscript that related the entanglement of Yu family in the salt industry in Shanxi Country at  the  end  of  the Kangxi reign.According to this account,the relationship between the local government and Huizhou merchants began with the salt works of  the Yu family .This  paper explores the source of  capital of Huizhou merchants during the Kangxi reign and the causes of  their rise and  decline. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Statecraft Thought of the Four Books Learning in the Early Qing YIN Jun-Ling 2005, 0(1): 75-85.  Abstract ( )   PDF (998KB) ( )   In  the  Qing  dynasty，the habit of extravagance was prevalent in Central Shanxi penetrating into all aspects of  daily life.This fashion was  a  direct product of merchant leadership and the habit of extravagance drove people to engage  in commercial activities.This improved regional prosperity and furthered the development of a regional merchant clique-Shanxi merchants---who， in turn，further promoted the habit of extravagance. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Statecraft Thought of the Four Books Learning in the Early Qing ZHU Xiu-Chun 2005, 0(1): 86-92.  Abstract ( )   PDF (669KB) ( )   Statecraft represented the intellectual mainstream  in  the early Qing.As the  classical learning of Neo-Confucianism ,the Four Books School inescapably was foundational to statecraft thought as it evolved in the  early  Qing.Statecraft thought was the distinctive characteristic of the Fours Books learning in  the early Qing. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Initial Formation of the Market of Shenbao in Shanghai (1872-1877) FAN Ji-Zhong 2005, 0(1): 93-103.  Abstract ( )   PDF (920KB) ( )   The  initial formation of  the market for Shenbao(1872-1877) represented the epitome of the early growth of modern mass media in Shanghai .Shanghai’s immigration-driven urbanization,the consular jurisdiction of concessions ,and the newspapers and magazines which Westerners established,foreshadowed its basic market.The management of Shenbao insisted on taking cultural connection as its base and as being a  spokesperson for social justice.Based in Shanghai,Shenbao inherited essential factors of traditional urban culture in Jiangnan area,but it covered the entire Chinese community.Shenbao’s starting point was commercial information and popular opinion.Reportage of the cases of Yang Yuelou and Yang Naiwu marked Shenbao’s deep fusion with Shanghai’s society. Related Articles | Metrics