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15 February 1996, Volume 0 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Growth of Chinese Population in 18th and 19th Centuries and Overseas Migration Dai Yi 1996, 0(1): 1-7.  Abstract ( 561 )   PDF (2843KB) ( 969 )   The Chinese population increased rapidly in 18th  and 19th centuries,and reached 430 millions in 1840.Due to this population explosion,peoples were forced to migrate to find new livelihoods.The movements continued  into  the 20th century forming the current patterns of distribution of the Chinese population in China and overseas.The paper also discusses the reasons for the overseas migration,the hard life of overseas Chinese  and the contribution of overseas Chinese to the economic development of their host countries. Related Articles | Metrics

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Price and Government Policy in the 18th Century China GUO Cheng-Kang 1996, 0(1): 8-19.  Abstract ( 651 )   PDF (3383KB) ( 1299 )   Sustained increases in  general price levels in Eighteenth-century  China  attracted widespread  domestic and foreign  attention。This paper examines the reasons for the price increase,the   policies  adopted  by the  Qing government，and the serious impact of the longterm compounded  inflation  to  the  Qing’s  revenue system.The author exposes  the  great changes underway  in  18th century Chinese society  which only foretold the  Qing’s  decline,just  like  so  many other Chinese  dynasties,but  also represented  an  ancient civilization in decline. Related Articles | Metrics

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On Tax Adjustment in the Early Days of the Qing Dynasty HE Ping 1996, 0(1): 20-30+39.  Abstract ( 603 )   PDF (3431KB) ( 1031 )   Tax  adjustment  in the early days of the Qing Dynasty  was expressed first  in tax quota，then in the tax regulation.The  former meant that of modifying  the high taxation  and duplicate taxation，revising the quota based on the size of the land，and on minority land.There were three principles  in the  reform of  regulation,to equalize the tax to benefit the people，to  coordinate  tax reform  with other  government  policies and to assure that the  authority to  adjust taxes  belonged   to the central  government.The  author also discusses in detail  the adjustment  of  the poll tax  and  the taxes  on  land  which had changed ownership.All of  these changes represented the overall direction of the Qing’s taxation policy. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Commentary on the Suppression of Corruption during the Kangxi Reign HE Xiao-Rong 1996, 0(1): 31-39.  Abstract ( 572 )   PDF (2842KB) ( 1015 )   There  are  three events which occurred in relation  to the suppression  of corruption  during the Kangxi  reign.The  earliest  stage emphasized  instruction  and issuing  of imperial decrees;The  middle stage reinforced  this propaganda   and punished severely a   number  of corrupt officials.At   the same time,the propaganda advocated being free from corruption  and  promoted  and protected  upright  officials；In  the  last  stage，there was more kniency  in  dealing  with corruption and reprimanding the  defects of  upright officials。This paper examines the three periods,describing  their different effects,and  demonstrating that Kangxi’s  tolerance toward corruption  in  later  period accelerated  officials’ degeneration.The author  concludes that Kangxi  had his  own  limitations ,but his insistence  on  suppressing corruption  and advocating uprightness  was  praise worthy. Related Articles | Metrics

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A discussion of the Officials’Individual Tribute in Qianlong Reign of the Qing Dynasty DONG Jian-Zhong 1996, 0(1): 40-50+66.  Abstract ( 880 )   PDF (3231KB) ( 2130 )   Tribute was an important tradition in ancient China.It had three forms,including vassal states to the suzerain,local governments to the central government,and individual officials to the Emperor.This paper,based on archval sources and  documents,discusses individual officials tribute during the QianLong reign,analyzing not only the contributor’s qualifications and the dates of the tribute,but also the tribute materials,the tribute procedure,the presentation  list  and  other features. Related Articles | Metrics

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LiHongzhang and XueFucheng and his Brothers JIA Shu-Cun 1996, 0(1): 51-57.  Abstract ( 691 )   PDF (2899KB) ( 1069 )   XueFucheng’s father and LiHongzhang were good friends.XueFucheng and his wife brother all received Li’s patronage but,among the brothers,XueFucheng’s  ties with  Li were the closest.Xue  had assisted Li in negotiating with Briton over the Margary Affair(1875),in  dealing with the Insurrection of 1882 in Kore,and in  negotiating with France over Annan.He  also wrote dozens of memorials to the  throne for LiHongzhang. Related Articles | Metrics

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LiaoPing and the New Text Classical Studies in the late Qing Dynasty CHEN Qi-Tai 1996, 0(1): 58-66.  Abstract ( 590 )   PDF (3012KB) ( 964 )   The  author  believes  that  LiaoPing’s  earher  writings  A  Textual   Research  on  the  present  and  past  Learning   and  A  Textual   Research  on  the   classical Learning  were of great importance  to classical  studies  in the Qing  Dynasty.Kang  Youwei  was  affected  by the Liao’s  works  which led  him into New  Text Classical  Studies,but his The  Confucian as  a  Pseudo-Classical Study  was not  a  direct elucidation  of  Liao’s  ideas.Although they were active  in the same period，Kang   kept abreast of  the changing currents and took ‘Gongyong’ as  a  tool for  his  reform movement.Conversely,Liao’s work  became more fantastic  and absurd .The author probes the influence  on his early writings,and the  factors that led  to the unusual  changes in  his  late  works. Related Articles | Metrics

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Agricultural Productivity and Produ6ct Relations in Huguang Province in late Qing Dynasty China TIAN Jiong-Guan 1996, 0(1): 67-78.  Abstract ( 735 )   PDF (3133KB) ( 940 )   This、paper verifies following questions:Firstly,toward the end of the Qing dynasty,and  the Republic of China,more specifically during modern times of China and especially after the Opium War,whether or not the HuGuang Rice which is famous for‘HuGuangShu TianXiaZu’continued to be sold in the lower beaches area of the Yangtse River;and whether or not there  happened the whole recession of the agricultural productive forces  in this period.Secondly,what is the main production  center of rice and grain in this period? Secondly,what is  the main production  center of rice and grain in this area?How about the circulation situation of the rice and grain in this area?Finally,if the productive forces  had once  been developed in this area during this period,what’s the evidence;what’s the characteristics of it’s  relations of production as a rice and grain production  center  with  high productive forces. Related Articles | Metrics