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15 November 1995, Volume 0 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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On the Cultural Setting of the Qing’s Invading ZHANG Yu-Xing 1995, 0(4): 1-9.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3092KB) ( )   There  are  three events in relation to the cultural setting from Manchu’s  rising to its  invading  Shanhaiguan,including the exploring stage in which was ruled by Emperor Nuerhachi,the transmitting stage ruled by Emperor Huangtaiji and the integrating staged ruled by the Prince Regent Duerguen·The author offers a great deal  of  historical materials to demonstrate that Qing’s succession was contributed  not  only  the  Eight Banners  military accomplishments,but  also  the cultural positive role which  the Confucianism  occupied  a  leading  place  since  the  Huangtaiji’s  reform. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Discussion of Taiwan’s Social and Economic Problems during Zheng’s Ruling Period DENG Kong-Zhao 1995, 0(4): 10-19.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3014KB) ( )   This  paper addresses  the  following issues:social  structure   under military control；relations  between the natives  and the immigrants、land  exploitation  and the economic  development，the ownership  of land and the social  crises after  1680.The  author’s main proposition  included：Military control  deeply influenced Taiwan’s  social structure and maintained  social stability  in most periods；the  immigrants  had  harmonious  relations with  the natives；With  land exploitation，Taiwan’s agriculture  and handicraft  industry developed quickly；During  this time，Taiwan  adopted the  feudal  system of ownership of land from the  mainland  .Because  of  strife  within Zheng’s ruling  group and  within  their armies,and  also natural  disasters ，the outbreak of revolution  could  not be avoided. Related Articles | Metrics

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On Lixuechen Religious Case from Henan YE Kou-Tie-Lang 1995, 0(4): 20-27.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2001KB) ( )   The  author  examines in  detail  the Li  Xuechen case which occurred at the end of Kangxi reign  in Henan  Province,and made the following points.First,the reason  why there are almost  no  historical  material about the religious ideas or organization  in this case is that the officials who handled it intended  to make it  vague;Secondly，Henan’s governor who  was dismissed  from his post just before  the final  judgement  of  the  case  was made might get  worse  with the Shandong’s  governor，who  was honored  to  get  a  promotion for  his  contribution   in submitting  the case.Thirdly,it seemed  that  the  local gentry  who  wanted  to  get  rid  of Li  Xuechen  and  the Shandong’s  governor  formed   an alliance  to  some  extent  and  created a  “heretical  religion” case. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Cultural Influence of the Qing Dynasty on Korea in the 18th Century REN Gui-Chun 1995, 0(4): 28-39.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3058KB) ( )   This  paper is  based  on works of  three leading  members  of  the   school  of  northern  studies。From  these works, we  can learn the attitude  of Korean scholars toward  Chinese  culture as  well  as  the  influence   of Qing culture upon  Korean scholars.This  paper  is  divided  into  two parts：The  first part is on  the sino-centric  ideology of  the school  of northern studies  and deals primarily  with  the efforts of  the school  of   northern  studies to  change  the negative  views  of Korean scholars  toward  the  Qing  court.The  second part  is  on the  idea  of the utilization for better  life  and  the  attempts  of  the  school  of  northern  studies  to  introduce Chinese  technological advances  into Korean society. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Qing Government’s Policy of yellow River Coutrol After lt Changed Course at Tongwaxiang XIA Ming-Fang 1995, 0(4): 40-51.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3529KB) ( )   This  paper analyses the policies  of Qing  water  management,official  administration，the technology  of water  projects  and  their effects on  the  Yellow  River  flooding  after it changed  its course  at  Tongwaxiang.In the late Qing Dynasty ,because  grain transportation  by  the Great Canal,which  was  linked with closely  with  the control  of the Yellow River  became less  important ，and also because  of increasing  political  crisis  which threatened  Qing  rule  directly ，the Qing  government took water  management  as a  kind of secondary problem.So  the  funds were greatly reduced and the water conservancy organization  was cut   back.For these reasons,in  addition to  official’s  corruption and the backward  technology。Yellow  River flooding  became  an  “incurable  disease ”. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Westernization Movement And the Political Situation in the Late Qing Dynasty YANG Yi-Mao 1995, 0(4): 52-58.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2956KB) ( )   In  the semi-feudal and  semi-colonia Chinese society，Westernization Movements was  a  self-strengthening  movement  which used foreign tools and tactics that  advocated  by the Qing government.After  the Second  Opium  War,the Qing  rulers  were deeply humiliated and  thus  comparatively  receptive  to the ideas  of  Westernization .But  they  had no  long-term  visions,no  ability  to promote the modernizations,and  the  members  of the autocratic  government  were of lower quality，so internal  strife  and  corruptions  steadily  increased。The worsening political situation obstructed and  even  stifled  the development of  Westernization   Movement  and  finally  curtailed  early  efforts  at  modernization  in  China  and the revival of the Qing  Dynasty.   Related Articles | Metrics

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An Analysis of the Reasons for Weng Tonghe’s Discharge HOU Yi-Jie 1995, 0(4): 59-65.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2847KB) ( )   Weng  Tonghe’s discharging during  the  Wuxu  Reform is  a  contentions  problem   in  modern  historical researching circles.By throughly examining Weng’s characteristics and his relationships  with  others, the author concludes that the reasons for Weng’s discharge were complex and can not  be  simply  attributed to  his recommendation of  Kang Youwei  or his being framed  by  the  old  guard  of  hardliners.He violated imperial decrees,failed  to  live  up  to  Emperor  Guangxu’s expectations  and  so  made the  Emperor  feel  disappointed  and angry.All  of  above   had  an important  connection  to  his   discharge. Related Articles | Metrics

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Changes in Education in the Late Qing Dynasty LUO Xiao-Qiong 1995, 0(4): 66-73.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3015KB) ( )   The  late  Qing  Dynasty  was the  period  of  transformation  from  feudal  society  to  “modern  society”.The  changing  of  content  of    education  in   acadeies  of  classical  learning striking  demonstrates the  historical process  of  educational  and   cultural revolution.Statecraft thinking broke through the constraints   of   “Confucian  Dominance ”  advocated by  traditional politicians,and  further   transformed  itself  through the fusion of Chinese culture  and  and western  culture.Some  values  such as prosperity，interest,equality and freedom  subtlely  penetrated  the  academies  under  the rubric  of “explanation  of scripture  ”.In  this  way，the author examines the  process of  educational change  and  innovation   in  the  late Qing  Dynasty. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Commentary on the Ideas about the Imperial Constitution of the Qing Ruling Group WANG Kai-Xi 1995, 0(4): 74-83.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3203KB) ( )   During   the  contention  over   the  Imperial  Constitution in  the  early  twentieth century,there  emerged  in  the  Qing  ruling group three political factions:those advocating rapid radical implementation  those calling for gradual peaceful implementation and those in total opposition.The author believes that  these  differences  reflected   the   distribution  of   power  within  the  ruling  group.They  all   shared  the  goals  of  consolidating  imperial power,sweeping away domestic rebellions,preventing  foreign一incursion  and  holding  back  democratic  revolution  Therefore,ideas  about  the  Imperial  Constitution  should  be  regarded   as   instinctive  emergency  responses  to  the  political  crisis,or  as  attempts to find  new  methods  of  rule，not  as   expedient  measures  to  deceive  the  people. Related Articles | Metrics