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15 August 1995, Volume 0 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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On the Manchu and Mongolian Unity by Marriage During the Taizu and Taizong Periods of the Qing Dynasty LIU Lu 1995, 0(3): 1-10.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3161KB) ( )   Most  of  the Emperor’s  marriage were arranged  for political reasons,including  the Manchu  and  Mongolia  unity by  marriage.But  in the Post-Jin  epochs ,the   unity by  marriage  of royal families  between Manchu  and  the Kerqin  Mongolian  peoples occurred  forty  times,for  more  than that between Manchu  and  other  Mongolian    peoples.Therefore  many social  factors beyond  the political were included in  the unity  by  marriage.This  paper  examined  the circumstances   in  which  the  Manchu  and Mongolian  peoples lived,and discussed  the main caused  of the unity by  marriage，the social functions  of  that  and the interrelations  between  the  two  peoples.   Related Articles | Metrics

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A Brief Argument on Recovering Taiwan in the Early Days of Qing Dynasty WANG Zheng-Yao 1995, 0(3): 11-21+100.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3402KB) ( )   There  are  two events which occurred  in relation  to  the recovery  of  Taiwan.First,Zheng  Chenggong’s troops  drove  the Dutch   colonists  out  of  Taiwan,and  Taiwan   again became  a territory  of  China.Second ，Qing’s  Army  conquered  Taiwan  after the negotiation  between  the  Qing  government   and  Taiwan’s  ruling  circles  failed，and this helped accomplish  the  unification。Zheng Chenggong   and  Emperor Kangxi,who were  the  two opposing  rulers,made their own  important  contribution  to  the recovering  of Taiwan.This  writer  examined  the whole story  in  detail  and discussed  its  significances   during the different  periods. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Glimpse at the Corruption and Confiscated Properties During the Qianlong Reign LU Jing 1995, 0(3): 22-29.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2960KB) ( )   Corruption   is  one  of  the  most  common  phenomenon  in China’s feudal ,and   is  also  an  important  aspect in studying  the political  history  of  China.In  the  middle of  Qing  Long  reign,officials  were  rather corruptive,esp.the  high-level  governors  and  government  generals.The  Emperor  Qian long  took  very  seriously  the  corruption  and  degeneration.When  he  was   told  of  some  one’s  misbehavior,he  would  take  up  the  matter  in  person  and  inflict  severe  punishment  on  him.Property   confiscation  occurred  extensively  as  a  measure  for  punishing  corruption. This   paper,based  on  archival records   of  confiscation,analyzes  the  state   of    the  corrupted  governor’s  confiscated  properties,their~  sources ,and   their   expenses.It   reviews   and  discusses  their  political  background  and  the   important  social  origin.It   probes  into  the   causes  of the  increasing corruption,esp.The  idea   of“the  more  severe  the  punishment,the  worse  the  corruption”,in   an  attempt  to find  out  the  objective  necessity  of   the  ,Qing dynasty’s  decline  from  prosperity   during   the  Qianlong   reign. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Immigrants and Exploitation in Northestern Area in the Qing Dyansty DIAO Shu-Ren 1995, 0(3): 30-36.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2855KB) ( )   Int   the  Qing   Dynasty,the   Han   people  moved  into  the  Northeast  and exploited   the  area, which  showed  a  tendency  for  the  Hans to extend their territory from  the  south  to  the  north,  covering  Fengtian ,Jilin  and  Heilongjiang  province  one  after  another.In  the  period  of Emperor  Shun  Zhi  Kangxi   and  Yongzheng,the   government  encouraged  the immigrants  to  move  into  the  north一east   and   cultivate  the   land,so  the  immigrants  gathered  mainly  in  the  eastern  Liao   area  in  Fengtian  province.Because  the   immigrants  kept  swarming  into  the  eastern  Liao  area,the structure  of  land  occupation   between  the  Manchu  and  the  Han   chu changed  greatly.And it  threatened  the  Manchu,s  life  style.For  that  reason,in1740,the  government   issued  a   law   to  blockade   the   area  and  prohibit  settlement  in  the eastern一Liao area.Under this  severe  law, People  in  the  increasingly densely一populated  area  had  to  move  towards  Jinzhou、Kaiyan,farther   to   the  north. Since  Heilongjiang    lies  in   the  far   northeastern   boundary,the   Han   people   did   not   swarm  in  until  the  reign  of   Xianfeng   and  Tongzhi,due  to  the   increasing  boundary  crisis   in   Heilongjiang  that  is,the   government,forced  by   the  severe   situation,agreed  to  allow   immigrants  to  settle  down   at   the   Heilongjiang   frontier.With  the  immigrants  moving  to   the  Feng, Ji   and  Hei  areas,the northeastern   area  became  more  and  more  exploited  and  prospered. Related Articles | Metrics

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A Commentary on County Administrative System During the Qing Dynasty LIU Peng-Jiu, WANG Jia-Heng, YU Nuo-Qi 1995, 0(3): 37-47.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3269KB) ( )   Country   Administration as  an elementary  administrative system  was established  during  the Qing Dynasty.It  increased  in  importance  in successive  imperial  courts  and  gradually  a  complete   country administrative system was  formed。During  the  the Qing Dynasty，it reached perfect。Everything was stipulated accurately including  regulations and appropriate  agencies，such as selecting officials,authorizing  procedures,magistracy,material  benefits,resignations,punishing  criminals  and  promoting procedures.To  be a magistrate  of  a country，one is responsible  for instructing people,solving  litigations ,urging farming，levying taxes，the     reouisition of  grain，reliving the  people in stricken areas,managing  imperial  examinations  and  so on。As  country administration is  the basis of  bureaucracy，it plays  an  important  role  in preserving  stable  government. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Analysis of the Strategy of French Jesuits in the Qing Dynasty LI Sheng-Wen 1995, 0(3): 48-61.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3390KB) ( )   This  text attempts  to  study  the  strategy  employed  by  French  Jesuit missionaries  in China during  the Qing  Dynasty.Upon  its  arrival  in  China,the  French  Jesuit mission  established itself rapidly supplanting  progressively  the Portugese  mission  and  forming  the  basis  for the spreading of  western  Christianity  at  the  time.The  growth  of  the  French  Jesuit  mission is  very intimately linked  with  Jesuit missionary  strategy  to adapt to  the  historical  and cultural context of the country。This strategy  was manifested principally  in  three  domains. First,the  efforts  on  the  cart  of the  French Jesuits to  adapt  their  rites and  customs, and  adapt to local mores,etc.Secondly,their efforts to  conciliate conflicts  between  Occidental  and  Chinese cultures,and  above  all ,between  the  principles of  Christianity  and  Confucianary doctrine.This  strategy  on  the  part  of  the  French  Jesuits  was  indeed  very  efficient .It  is  thanks  to this  arm  of  the Jesuits the  French mission speedily created for itself a fertile  terrain in China  and developed rapidly. Related Articles | Metrics

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A discussion of the Manchu’s Medicine TENG Shao-Zhen 1995, 0(3): 62-68.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2920KB) ( )   The  Manchu’s medicine  takes  an  important share  in the world-known  Chinese medical heritage.This article  gives some  systematical introduction  and  analysis on  the  chronical development  and  characteristics of  early  Manchu  medicine.Analysis  is  also  done  of  Manchu’s  attempt  to  explore  the  medicine  far  beyond  its own  culture,in  which way Manchu’s medicine was  so  enriched  and advanced that it could compete with the Han medicine  in  every way.It proves that  the  Man  ethnic medicines has been integrating  and  developed   with  other  ethnic   medicines  in China.It is  an  important  and  unseparated  part  of  the  Chinese  medical  culture. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Historical Conditions and Outcomes of the Revolution in 1911 GUO Shi-You 1995, 0(3): 69-78.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3293KB) ( )   For   a  long   time  it  was  generally  acknowledged  in  historical  circles  that  the   Revolution  of  1911  was  a  great   success .AT  the  same  time,however,it was a failure as well.At  first   sight, this conclusion  seems   dialectical  and  dual-sided.But  in  my  opinion it is important.   As  far  as  overthrowing  the  Qing  Dynasty is  concerned,the  objective  conditions of  the  Revolution   were mature  while the subjective  ones  comparative  immature。As  far  as establishing the republican politics  is  concerned，neither  the objective nor  the subjective  conditions attained   their maturity。Apart from that，the outcomes  of  the  Revolution  shows that the  Qing Dynasty  was  overthrown  indeed  and the republic  politics  began。So  the revolution   cann’t  be oversimplified   in  such  a simple world as “failure”，unless  it is compared  with Dr.Sun  Yixian’s idealized  promise “accomplish  the whole  revolutionary  task at one shock”. Related Articles | Metrics