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15 May 1995, Volume 0 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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A Study on the Battle of Jue Hua  Island YAN Chong-Nian 1995, 0(2): 1-8.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2981KB) ( )   The article On the War at the Juehua  Island  gives  a  good  account  of  the  war  waged  between   the   Ming  Dynasty and  Hou一Jin  Dynasty in  Liao一Dong.  There  are  three  highlights  in  this article：a，the  military  significance  of the  Juehua  Island一its  important location.a  place  with  abundant  grain and fodder and for stationing naval troop；b,the process of the war at Juehua resulting from Hou一Jin’s defeat at  Ningyuan.c,an  analysis of the two sides of the  war in terms of their respective victory  and failure. This important  article for the first time publicized the valuable data concerning  the war  of  Juehua. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Approach to the Mandarin Selecting and Appointing Sy stem in Qing Dynasty DU Jia-Ji 1995, 0(2): 9-19.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3381KB) ( )   This paper will study all the main regulations about the mandarin’s selecting and appointing system and discuss its characteristics and influence .The mandarin selecting and appointing system of Qing Dynasty epitomized the regulations and experience of past dynasties.Being meticulous and well一conceived were its important characteristics.The strict control on official vacancy prevented the situation of overstaffing.The different official vacancy system between Man and Han guaranteed Man’s status as the main rulers.and at the same time,it was also favorable for rallying and utilizing the Han bachelors and officers.But Man’s privilege had a bad influence on the quality bureaucrats.In the central government ,the Man-Han double appointment caused the dilatory and shrinking style.The mandarin selecting regulations reflected not only the Emperor’s dictatorship,but also the decentralization and thus prevented either from having the sole official appointment power.In the last stage of Qing Dynasty,the collapse of this system was an important reason which led to the domination by the Governors and Governor一generals.The corruption was also a projecting characteristics of the selecting and appointing system,which made the officials rank become a kind of commodities,bestowed the banners special favors,these disadvantages ruined the bureaucratic politics of Qing Dynasty seriously. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Classical Series of TongZhitang ──An Achivement of Man-han Schloar’s Concerted Effort LIU De-Hong 1995, 0(2): 20-31.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2743KB) ( )   This paper expressed the author’s opinion of the redacting rights,redating background and the ideological tendency for the compilation of "Tong Zhitang Jingje" (The Classic Series of Tong Zhitang).According to the author’s viewpoint ,this series was the product of political situation at that time，and the thought of Emperor Kangxi was its guiding principle.Xu Qianxue was the designer and chief editor，who decided on the selected booklist,did editing and proofreading。Nalan Xingde undertook the work of collecting rare books,collating ,writing a few prefaces and postcripts ,and bearing the expense for printing the series .In short his contribution was vital to the success of this projet。This series was an achievement of Man-Han cooperation in cultural realm。Its main purpose was to expound the Chengzhu doctrine,offset the defects of Neo- Confucianism with Classical school,advocate loyalty and justice，and ask people to serve the Emperor with all their bears.In the state of violence of the Three Feduatory Rebellion ,this series was helpful to relax the tense relationship between Man-Han ethnics uphold national unity and stablize the public order. Related Articles | Metrics

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E Ertai and Gai Tu Gui Liu in Southwest China WANG Ying 1995, 0(2): 32-39.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3012KB) ( )   This article expounds emphatically the harmfulness on the system of appointing national minority hereditary headmen in the Qing Dynasty,and the abolition of hereditary chieftainships and bringing the tribes under unified provincial administration in the southwest China’s performed by the famous minister，E Er-tai of Yong Zheng Reign.E Er-tai established the general policy，advanced the principle， the tactics and the measures and put them into effect。He carried out other social reform,too.It is a progressive and important measure，the writer thinks,to maintain the position of southwest China，to settle the minority problems and to develop the border area。It enabled southwest China to develop with the nation.E Er-tai is therefore,a great historic figure in the stage of Qing Dynasty in the southwest area. Related Articles | Metrics

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Famine:Another Viewing-angle for Inspecting the Modern Chinese Society LIU Yang-Dong 1995, 0(2): 40-49.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3122KB) ( )   The modern Chinese society （1840-1949） was in a period of great transformation。What made the academic circles pay close attention to is that the changes of social nature brought about the changes of political situation、economic structure and society ideology.According to the author,famine is not a direct social activity ,but it has always followed the human race,and must have action or reaction on the various fields of human society.If we want to explain the developing process of modern society,we should not negate or neglect the influence of famine.On the basis of various statistics,the author tried to give a general picture of the modern famines,which happened frequently and affected many regions ，and demonstrated the famine as an independent historical element。Its influence on the situation of war,the structure of social politics、economy，and social psychology. Related Articles | Metrics