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15 February 1995, Volume 0 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Comparative Studies on the Political Thought of China and Japan in Eighteenth-century HAO Bing-Jian 1995, 0(1): 1-12.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3459KB) ( )   The main ideological obstacles in the Chinese and Japanese modernization were Chu Hsi doctrines，the view of “Flower-Barbarian”and the idea of “closure of the country to foreign inter course”.The fact was that Japanese had finished the first step in clearing away some of these obstacles in the 18th century .On the contrary,the Chinese people did not waken from the dream of “Flower- Barbarian” and would not give up the doctrines of Confucian until the 19th century。It was the striking difference in ideas that led to the difference of their later fates. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Analysis of the Corruption in the Later Period of Eighteenth-century GUO Cheng-Kang 1995, 0(1): 13-26.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3589KB) ( )   In the later period of the 18th century，corruption，the chronic malady of the highly centralized bureaucracy system， became more serious than ever and displayed many characteristics which were seldom found in the later period of other dynasties.This paper intends to make a comprehensive study on the corruption in various fields such as politics,economy,finance and culture.It also tries to find the reason why the Qing dynasty changed from prosperity to decline，and to show how China advanced with a limp from a traditional to a modern society。 Related Articles | Metrics

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An Critical Biography of Yin Jishan GAO Xiang 1995, 0(1): 27-37.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3261KB) ( )   Yin Jishan was one of the most famous general-governors in the Qing dynasty. He had a very important influence on the government circles in the 18th century.This paper will study Yin Jishan’s main political activities,his relation with Emperor Yongzheng and Qianlong,and his attitude toward Chinese culture .Historians in Qing dynasty always considered Yin Jishan as a bureaucrat with great ability，but in fact ，he was also an outstanding poet，and a man who had secret worry and defects in his personality. Related Articles | Metrics

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Social Economy and Its Regional Character in Eighteenth-century CHEN Hua 1995, 0(1): 38-50.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3254KB) ( )   Uneven economic development was an important feature in traditional Chinese society，particular in Qing dynasty。This was noticeable and had a profound influence upon the social evolution.This paper analyzed the basic manifestations of uneven economic development and its historical reasons in the 18th century China.Considering different natural environment and other factors，such as politics、 economy and culture.This paper divided China of Qing dynasty into 8 economic regions,discussed the regional distribution of social economy in the whole Qing history,especially in the 18th century，and described the main characteristics and fundamental conditions in all regions. Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparative Studies on the Frontier Situation of  China and America in Eighteenth-century CHENG Chong-De 1995, 0(1): 51-62.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3270KB) ( )   In the 18th century,the domain of China was filially fixed,it was the result of historical evaluation for more than two thousand years.The government of the Qing dynasty adopted a series of effective measures for the frontier administration and exploitation.These measures not only promoted the development of social polities,economy and culture in these areas,but also helped their exchange with the interior，thus consolidating the rule of the Qing court。After the Independence of the United States in the later period of 18th century，America progressively occupied most parts of the west.This process caused American Indians untold sufferings.The immigrants exploited the land in pure capitalistic way,and created a new model of territorial expansion and economic development。For the different background of society、cultural tradition、geography conditions and administrative style,it’s interesting to make comparative studies on the frontier situation of the two countries. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Analysis of the Situation of Northwest China in the Early part of Eighteenth-century WANG Si-Zhi, Lv Yuan-Cong 1995, 0(1): 63-79.  Abstract ( )   PDF (4003KB) ( )   China has been a multinational country from time immemorial。In Qing dynasty,because the foreign powers meddled in the affairs of minority nationalities in frontier regions, the contradictions between different nations changed their intrinsic nature。This paper studied the complicated situation of Northwest China in the early part of the 18th century,and points out that Tsarist Russia was the main supporter of splittings of Dzungar (a tribe of Mongol).In consequence the conflicts between Qing and Dzungar became acute and quite different from the frontier clashes in the past ,therefore the efforts of Qing government to unify China had the implication of resisting foreign aggression. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Chinese Secret Society of 18th Century and the Historical Destiny of peasant Class of China QIN Bao-Qi 1995, 0(1): 80-91.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3328KB) ( )   The 18th century saw the later period of the feudal society of China when the natural economy was still dominant the society。The development of the commodity economy was hindered by the Qing government policy which valued farming above commerce。An advanced class that could contend with the power of the feudal government had never been formed at that time.Without the leadership of an advanced class，peasants could only rebel the government spontaneously through the secret society，an under-developed organization in a primitive structure.They had no clear guiding principles of anti-feudalism.The movements under the appeal of “Against Qing whilst restore Ming” were all doomed to fail.Being righteous and progressive， those movements had inflicted heavy blows on the Qing dynasty.However ,since the basis of the feudal economy was still considerably stable,the peasants’s struggle could not push the Chinese history into a higher stage. Related Articles | Metrics

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The aligning Ceremony and It’s Symbolic Implication in the Early period of Tian Di Hui SONG Jun 1995, 0(1): 92-101.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3155KB) ( )   As the most important Chinese secret society，Tian Di Hui had a series of joining rite since it was established.The core content of the rite included：Setting altar;Swearing by walking beneath knives;Smearing the blood as a sign of the oath;and dictating finger codes、 poems and secret signs.With the proceeding of the time and enlarging of spreading region，the joining rite gradually became more and more complicated and diversified。 By a sense of symbolic means，Tian Di Hui impelled new comers to depart consciously with their own past and became its members； meantime formed and reinforced its control over its members to keep secrets;and obey action and thought regulations.All of these were extremely effective to integrate this secret society。Furthermore，the institutional joining rite and its symbolic implications are not Tian Di Hui’s own peculiar and isolated social characteristics.In comparing it with its counterpart of Freemason,it is clear that joining rite is universal in cultural anthropological sense. Related Articles | Metrics

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Liu Fenglu and Jin Wen Jing Xue HUANG Ai-Ping 1995, 0(1): 102-110.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3070KB) ( )   Jin Wen Jing Xue(a school of studying Confucian Classics written in Lishu) has always been considered as an emergency philosophy of the landlord class。In the middle of Qing，the rule of Qing government was on the wane。China was drawn into the world trends and at last faced with “a serious crisis that had never been met by our predecessors”.On this special condition，Jin Wen Jing Xue became the most influential theory about statecraft。In the course of resurgence of Jin Wen Jing Xue，Liu Feng Lu played an important role. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Chinese Trade with European Countries in the 18th Century WU Jian-Yong 1995, 0(1): 111-118+101 .  Abstract ( )   PDF (3049KB) ( )   The Chinese‘Trade with European Countries in the 18th century includes two parts:one is the Canton Trade;the other is the Chinese junk trade to major East Asian Ports such as Manila, Batavia and Malacca,the European colonial entrepots. In the 18th century China was a technological advanced country .The balance of trade at Canton way was very much in China’s favor, because they needed few foreign products while Western traders purchased large quantities of tea，silk and porcelain.Meanwhile the Chinese junk played an important role in supplying European and local regional markets with Chinese products.The rapid and vast expansion of the foreign trade spurred the growth of the Chinese economy，especially on the coast of China。On the other hand the coming of European Countries to East Asia sent a challenge to China.This article presents the comparative study of the Chinese and Western policies on the trade,and demonstrates the effects of these policies on the economy and on Sino-West relations during the 18th century. Related Articles | Metrics