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15 August 2000, Volume 0 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Social Integration Of the Zhili Area in the Early Twentieth Century:Evaluating Yuan Shikai and the Late Qing Reform of the Beiyang Army XU Yong-Zhi 2000, 0(3): 1-12.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1217KB) ( )   This article discusses the role of the bureaucratic apparatus of the Beiyang Army and the activities of merchants and commercial organizations,and their impact on the social reconstruction of Zhili after the Yihetuan Movement.The article argues that political factors played a relatively more important role in the social transformation of Zhili than in other places.The author also evaluates Yuan Shikai and his policies under the Late Qing Reform. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chaiyao in Zhili during the Qing Dynasty WEI Guang-Qi 2000, 0(3): 13-20.  Abstract ( )   PDF (787KB) ( )   Chaiyao,a form of taxation in the Qing dynasty, can be traced to various practices that continued after the single-whip reform was carried out in the late Ming dynasty. Corvee was only implemented during the early Qing. After commuting labor service to the land tax, corvee was abolished completely, and the system of employing laborers was put into practice. However, because of a serious shortage of funds in counties and prefectures, it was frequently necessary to impose labor services and to levy taxes in goods and materials. These types of levies were called chaiyao. In the late Qing and the early Republican periods when local autonomy was on the rise, local governments again imposed chaiyao. In this way, chaiyao had an important influence on both central and local finances. Related Articles | Metrics

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Oirat Mongol Society in the Early Qing Dynasty ZHANG Shi-Ming 2000, 0(3): 21-30.  Abstract ( )   PDF (845KB) ( )   Although Oirat Mongols occupied an important place in the early Qing dynasty.This essay investigates the War to Pacify the Zungars, the propagation of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia, and the contradiction between the belligerence of the Oirat Mongol and their Buddhist faith from the standpoint of psychological history. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Development and Characteristics of the Administrative System of Tibet in the Qing Dynasty ZHANG Yong-Jiang 2000, 0(3): 31-43.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1294KB) ( )   After the war of to expel the Zungars and defend Tibet from 1718 to 1719, the Qing government established direct rule in Tibet. After 1720, the administrative system that the Qing government set up in Tibet can be divided into three stages: (1)1720-1727, the integration of religions and politics under the Dalai Lama and Gaxia; (2)1728-1751, the separation of religion and politics, with the Tibetan King-Gaxia, under the supervision of the Minister to Tibet; (3)1751-1911, resumed integration of religion and politics, with the Dalai and Panchen Lamas and Gaxia, supervised by the Minister to Tibet. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Kangxi Emperor’s Strategy Toward Taiwan LIN Qian 2000, 0(3): 44-49.  Abstract ( )   PDF (553KB) ( )   This paper discusses the unfolding of the Kangxi emperor's strategy for unifying Taiwan with the Qing dynasty. Initially, the Qing government pursued a peaceful approach and made some significant concessions. But, when Zheng family clique advocated "following the example of Korea" as the premise for negotiations and attempted to establish its own government, the Kangxi emperor decided to use military force guaranteeing Taiwan's successful recovery. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Study of the Four Treasures (Siku quanshu xue): History and Scholarly Deliberation ZHOU Ji-Ming 2000, 0(3): 50-62.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1236KB) ( )   This article examines developments in the study of the Four Treasures over the past two hundred years, including special characteristics of different historical periods, important scholars and their major contributions to scholarship on the Four Treasures, and the scholarly debates in the study of Four Treasures. The author seeks to promote renewed scholarly consideration of the Four Treasures and to establish this work as an important source of learning. Related Articles | Metrics

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Late Qing Social Culture and Popular Historical Conceptions HOU Jie 2000, 0(3): 63-70.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3056KB) ( )   The author finds that although the Chinese masses were almost completely deprived of the opportunity for a systematic education until the late Qing, they still had a great fondness for history.Chinese commoners greatly respected heroic figures of Chinese history, and drew upon the lessons and experiences of the past and their special perspective on history, to respond to the set of problems related to historical change and the motive forces of social development. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Influence of Folk Opera on Anti-Christian Cases in Sichuan in the Late Qing QIN He-Ping 2000, 0(3): 71-76.  Abstract ( )   PDF (460KB) ( )   Based on reliable historical data, this article examines the form, propaganda content, and proliferation of performances of Sichuan folk opera, in order to analyze the relation between folk opera and the leadership and outbreak of Anti-Christian cases in Sichuan province. The article reveals the opera's function in driving public opinion, as well as mobilizing and organizing people. The article also scrutinizes the Qing government's attitude toward the recognition and control of folk opera, and explains some reasons for reform of Sichuan opera, and measures the Qing government took to eliminate conflict between the Chinese and alien religion. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Political Activities of the Imperial Tutor, Zhangjia Ruobiduoji, in the Qing Dynasty QIN Yong-Zhang 2000, 0(3): 77-85.  Abstract ( )   PDF (863KB) ( )   This article utilizes a wide array of historical documents to present a detailed and systematic discussion of the political activities of Zhangjia Ruobiduoji, an imperial tutor in the Qing dynasty. As a political and Tibetan Buddhist leader for nearly half a century, Zhangjia contributed to resolving many diverse ethnic and religious issues. He made positive and worthwhile contributions to the reinforcement and development of a united and multinational China in the early stages of the Qing Dynasty. The article also addresses inaccurate scholarly criticisms of Zhangjia Ruobiduoji. Related Articles | Metrics