Archive

15 February 2016, Volume 0 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue
---
Article


For Selected:

Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX

Toggle Thumbnails

Article

Select

The Levirate Marriage of  Korcin Amba Mama,Empress Xiaoduan's Real Mother and its Meaning KUSUNOKI Yoshimichi 2016, 0(1): 1-7.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1492KB) ( )          Sonom，who was one of the chiefs in the Central Banner of the Left Wing of the Korcin Mongols，had a levirate marriage with one of the wives of his grandfather Manggus，namely，Korcin Amba Mama.Manggus and Amba Mama already had one daughter，who was，the Queen of Hong Taiji，who was the Khan of Manchu Khanate and the lord of Two Yellow Banners. Sonom and Amba Mama had at least one son and two daughters. When Amba Mama and her family visited Shenyang in 1633，Dodo，who was a younger brother by a different mother of Hong Taiji，petitioned to marry one of the daughters of Amba Mama. Hong Taiji consulted with lords of the other Banners about this marriage and consented to it. Dodo subsequently married that daughter in 1634. Dorgon，who was an older full brother of Dodo，married another daughter of Amba Mama. Dorgon and Dodo thus became sons-in-law of Amba Mama just like Hong Taiji. By those two marriages these three lords of Banners mutually confirmed that they formed one faction，besides other lords of Banners had acknowledged that faction beforehand. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Case of  Peng Jiaping and Factionalism During the Yongzheng and Qianlong Reigns LIU Wenpeng 2016, 0(1): 8-16.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1471KB) ( )   The case of Peng Jiaping is usually regarded as an example of literary inquisition，but the reality is that his death was deeply related to tofactionalism at that time. As a trusted follower of Li Wei，Peng was in the vanguard of the factional fighting between Li Wei and Eertai，both who were ministers to Emperor Yongzheng. Peng’s experience from promotion and prominence to his fall from grace and death，was closely related to factional struggle，especially the growth and decline of Eertai’s faction. However, in the end it was Emperor Qianlong’s behind the scenes machinations that were decisive. This demonstrated the variety of methods the emperor used to control divisive factionalism. Relying on numerous unpublished archives，this article reveals Peng’s true experience as an official，and the complicated relationship between Peng，the Emperor, and the Eertai’s faction. The article also shows that the so-called literary inquisition perhaps was just a method for the emperor to attack and eliminate the influence of factionalism. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

"Humiliating the Culture":The Protest Activities of  Lower Degree Holders in the Qing Dynasty and "Examination Strikes" WANG Xueshen 2016, 0(1): 17-27.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1527KB) ( )   As a group of lower degree holders，.shengyaan，received scholarly honors and held special privileges in the Qing dynasty，but when they faced humiliating punishments，they frequently responded with“examination strikes.”In local Chinese society，officials avoided provoking and humiliating these lower degree holders，but inappropriate punishments from local officials still caused some protests. The Qing court’s punishment of these protests also underwent a transition from severity to leniency that reflected the declining ability of the Qing to control society. By the nineteenth century with the decline of Qing power, local elites recorded these activities and began supporting examination strikes. It can be said that the Qing court made acquiesced in the face of this nineteenth century activism. References | Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The First Diplomatic Contact between the Qing Dynasty and the KazakhKhanate GUO Wenzhong 2016, 0(1): 28-38.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1550KB) ( )   Formal contacts between the Qing Dynasty and the KazakhKhanate started in the mid一Qianlong period. This article uses Manchu archives stored in the First Historical Archives of China as the core material in combination with related historical resources，to analyze diplomatic contacts between the Qing Dynasty and the leader of the left branch of the Kazakhs，Abulai，and major leaders of the right branch of the Kazakhs，to demonstrate that from the earliest times the Kazakhs showed their willingness to submit to the Qing Dynasty by sending envoys. The author analyzes the process of the Qianlong Emperor’schanging policy towards Kazakh. Building on the foundation of previous studies，most of which agree on the direct contact between Qing Dynasty and Kazakh Khanate began in 1755. This paper advances new arguments on the specific timing of the submissions of left branch of the Kazakhs，right branch of  the Kazakhs submitted to Qing Dynasty，the identities of specific envoys，and the desire of Abulai and his realistic consideration regarding submission to the Qing. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

A Textual Research on American Ship "Grand Turk"Trading in China WANG Rui 2016, 0(1): 39-47.  Abstract ( )   PDF (4522KB) ( )   The first "Grand Turk”coming to Guangzhou in 1786 was the third American merchant ship after the   "Empress of China.”Its trade plan was not planned，but inspired by the success of "Empress of China”and brought about by American merchants’trade transformation from Cape of Good  Hope to India and Southeast Asia when Britain clamped maritime trade on new-born America. Through mutual corroboration of Chinese and English archives and documents this article explores "Grand Turk”’s trading situation in Guangzhou，and does a textual criticism and correction nn historical records and relics of the past. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Some Explanations of the 'Haha Juse'in the Qing Dynasty LI Wenyi 2016, 0(1): 48-62.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1564KB) ( )   “哈哈珠子”is the Chinese transliteration of the Manchu term ` haha juse.’The term was originally a plural noun that referred to young boys who were‘reading partners’in the Court Education. By 1673 at the latest，the word‘haha juse’had become a specific name for the prince's‘reading partner’who was also one of the prince’s guards.‘Haha juse’were most powerful during the Kangxi reign，and became an invisible force in political life. Afterwards，emperors Yongzheng and Qianlong gradually strengthened imperial power，and the position of the‘haha juse’was weakened. By the end of the Qing Dynasty，‘haha juse’had become a group of attendants and no longer had authority. The authors who composed the Manchu archives had intentiuonally distinguished between the two meanings of the term. By the late Qing the changing roles of‘haha juse’were misunderstood. Contemporary translators of Manchu archives have confused the meanings and this confusion has influenced modern scholars. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Coastal Evacuation in Later Jin Dynasty Period GAO Zhichao 2016, 0(1): 63-72.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1485KB) ( )    Nurhachi and Huangtaiji enacted the coastal evacuation measures to diminish the threatof Ming sea power. At the same time，the evacuation stabilized their rule in the area east of the Liao River. This laid the foundation for national unification and pioneered the Coastal Evacuation of the early Qing dynasty.This maritime policy and the preventive measures of the Huang Taiji period determined the administrative areas and ethnic distribution patterns in the northeast area. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Study of  the Officers and Men of  the Green Standard Army Enlisted in the Eight Banner Navy Troops WANG Gang 2016, 0(1): 73-82.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1494KB) ( )   Ｓｉｎｃｅ ｔｈｅ ｌａｔｅ Ｋａｎｇｘｉ ｒｅｉｇｎ ( １６６２—１７２２ ), ｓｏｍｅ ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒｓ,ｓａｉｌｏｒｓ ａｎｄ ａｒｔｉｓａｎｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ Ｇｒｅｅｎ Ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ Ａｒｍｙ ｈａｄ ｂｅｅｎ ｉｎｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅｄ ｉｎｔｏ ｔｈｅ Ｅｉｇｈｔ Ｂａｎｎｅｒ Ｎａｖａｌ ｔｒｏｏｐｓ. Ｔｈｉｓ ｗａｓ ａｎ ｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｌｙ ｒａｒｅ ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ ｏｆ Ｇｒｅｅｎ Ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ Ａｒｍｙ ｐｅｒｓｏｎｎｅｌ ｂｅｉｎｇ ｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍｅｄ ｉｎｔｏ ｔｈｅ Ｅｉｇｈｔ Ｂａｎｎｅｒｓ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ Ｑｉｎｇ Ｄｙｎａｓｔｙ. Ｔｈｅ ｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅ ｏｆ ｇｏｖｅｒｎａｎｃｅ ｗａｓ “Ｍａｎｃｈｕ Ｆｉｒｓｔ” ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ ｈａｄ ｍａｉｎｔａｉｎｅｄ ｔｈｅ Ｅｉｇｈｔ Ｂａｎｎｅｒｓ ｅｘｃｌｕｓｉｖｉｔｙ ａｎｄ ｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｃｅ, ｓｏ ｔｈｅ ｃａｓｅ ｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄ ａ ｔｅｍｐｏｒａｒｙ ｆｉｘ. Ｔｈｅ ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒｓ ａｎｄ ｍｅｎ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ Ｇｒｅｅｎ Ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ Ａｒｍｙ ｗｈｏ ｓｅｒｖｅｄ ｉｎ ｔｈｅ Ｅｉｇｈｔ Ｂａｎｎｅｒ Ｎａｖｙ ｔｒｏｏｐｓ ｔｅｍｐｏｒａｒｉｌｙ, ｓｕｆｆｅｒｅｄ ｖａｒｉｏｕｓ ｆｏｒｍｓ ｏｆ ｄｉｓｃｒｉｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ, ｉｎ ａｒｅａｓ ｓｕｃｈ ａｓ ｔｈｅ ｓａｌａｒｉｅｓ ａｎｄ ｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｏｎ. Ａｆｔｅｒ ｔｈｅ ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ Ｅｉｇｈｔ Ｂａｎｎｅｒ Ｎａｖｙ ｔｒｏｏｐｓ, ｔｈｅ ｂａｎｎｅｒｍｅｎ ｗａｓｔｅｄ ｓａｌａｒｉｅｓ ａｎｄ ｄｉｄ ｎｏｔ ｍａｓｔｅｒ ｔｈｅ ｓｋｉｌｌ ｏｆ ｓａｉｌｉｎｇ ｗａｒｓｈｉｐｓ ｏｒ ｆｉｇｈｔｉｎｇ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｓｅａ. Ｔｈｅ ｄａｉｌｙ ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｎａｖｙ ｒｅｌｉｅｄ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｏｆｆｉｃｅｒｓ ａｎｄ ｍｅｎ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ Ｇｒｅｅｎ Ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ Ａｒｍｙ, ｂｕｔ ｔｈｅ ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ ｗａｓ ｓｔｉｌｌ ｅａｇｅｒ ｔｏ ｅｌｉｍｉｎａｔｅ ｔｈｅｍ. Ｔｈｅ Ｅｉｇｈｔ Ｂａｎｎｅｒ ｎａｖｙ ｔｒｏｏｐｓ’ ｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎ ｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｄ ｔｈａｔ ｔｈｅ ｃｈｉｅｆ ｉｎｃｅｎｔｉｖｅ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｍｅｎｔ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｎａｖｙ ｗａｓ ｎｏｔ ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ ｂｕｔ ｌｌｅｖｉａｔｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ Ｅｉｇｈｔ Ｂａｎｎｅｒｓ ｌｉｖｅｌｉｈｏｏｄ ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ. Ｍｅａｎｗｈｉｌｅ, ｔｈｅ ｉｎｆｅｒｉｏｒ ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ ｃａｐａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｎａｖａｌ ｆｏｒｃｅ ｗａｓ ｐｒｅｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄ. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Military Provisions in Shaanxi Province during the Shunzhi Reign:The Establishment of  the "Sichuan"and "Han"Supply Lines CHEN Xue 2016, 0(1): 83-93.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1509KB) ( )    In the Shunzhi reign，Shaanxi province had long been the main  source for collecting military provisions to ensure the Qing army’s conquest of Shaanxi，Sichuan，Guizhou and Yunnan. To supply the armies in Hanzhong and Sichuan     that Wu Sangui and   Li Guohan commanded，the collection and transportation of large quantities of military provisions relied most importantly on taxation in Shaanxi. Two special transport lines，one from Gongchang to Lueyang overland and then to Banning by water，the “Sichuan supply line”and another from Fengxiang to Hanzhong，the“Han supply line”were established. The taxes and government purchases both involved civilians in the collection of military provisions. In addition，due to the war, the land taxation of Shaanxi，which had originally been paid in silver was converted into grain quotas. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Research on the Statistics of  Military Land and Total Land in the Early Qing Dynasty MAO Yike 2016, 0(1): 94-105.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1549KB) ( )    There were errors with the land statistics in Qaug Huadaau and Qaug lheuxaau Tougkao. Among the official land statistics before the Qianlong period，only the statistics of 1685 were relatively accurate. The “total land data”of that year included the data on civil lands and military lands that had been transformed from the governance of guards and battalions to the governance of counties. The“military land data" of that year included the military lands which were still under the governance of guards and battalions. The contents of the statistics for 1724、1753、1766 were different from province to province. In some provinces both“total land data" and“military land data" did not include the military land transformed to the counties. In some other provinces，both data were included as military land. After emending the official land data by the statistics from provincial gazetteers，we can find a smoother land growth curve than the estimates of earlier scholars. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Problem of  "the Quality of the People"in Liang Qichao's Constitutional Thought during the Late Qing Period LAI Junnan 2016, 0(1): 106-123.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1626KB) ( )    During his exile in Japan in the late Qing period，Liang Qichao was frequently skeptical of the Chinese people’s intellectual and moral capacities with respect to constructing a constitutional state. Liang’s views on the issue of“the quality of the people”had gone through a developmental process containing three stages:the earlier，the middle，and the later stages of his exile. In the aforementioned last stage，namely，from 1907 to 1911，Liang，on the one hand，advocated the opening of the national parliament as soon as possible，in order to achieve the goal of constitutional monarchy，and，on the other hand，developed a more modern，complex，and dialectical thought with respect to the issue of“the quality of the people.”In particular，he realized that various constitutional institutions themselves could，to some extent，resolve or circumvent the problem of“the quality of the people.”The intellectual history of Liang’s consideration on the issue of“the quality of the people”revealed the complicated fate of highly elitist thinking and the monistic and intellectualistic mode in the Confucian tradition at the time of the encounter between this tradition and political modernity. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Meiji Government's Attitudes towards Kanji and Chinese Literature under the Public Opinions of  Reforming Characters during the 1880s CAO Wen 2016, 0(1): 124-132.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1472KB) ( )   During the 1880s，the controversy between Western and Chinese Learnings was still a key issue in Japan. It was necessary to abandon Kanji(Chinese scripts)in order to develop modern education. If  Kanji were abandoned，Japan worried about that Japanese academic thought based on Chinese learning would be dissevered. Before the public opinions reached certain consensuses，Japanese government in many ways tried to reform the writing system，but its attitudes towards Kanji and Chinese literature did not change. As far as the compilation of the textbooks of elementary school was concerned，Kanji was not used as possible in the early stages. Instead，Hiragan a or Katakan awas used. However, the number of the Kanji that elementary school students had to master did not decrease and they had to learn those Kanji in their senior stage of elementary school. This phenomenon verifies that the Japanese government was still cautious of Kan ji’s future during this time period. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The Treaty Debates over Japanese Monks' Preaching Right in Late Qing YAN Liyuan 2016, 0(1): 133-141.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1472KB) ( )   Japanhoped to enjoy the same missionary rights as Western countries and to spread Buddhismm China. Based on past experience，China took a more cautious and tough attitude on the Japanese monks’ missionary rights in China and insisted that under the provisions of the treaties Japanese monks did not have the relevant right to proselytize in China. From 1904 to 1908，China and Japan had a fierce debate on missionary affairs，especially on the rights of Japanese Buddhist Missionaries in China. time the Qing emperor abdicated(1912)，Japan had not gotten the right to send missionaries to By the China. Meanwhile， some local governments prevented Japanese monks’missionary activities within their Jurisdictions,on the basis that their activities in China were not in accordance with the treaties. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

An Investigation of Errors in the Catalog of The Emperor ’s Four Treasuries(Siku quanshu): Record of Reflections on the Four Books(Sishu Fanhenlu) ZHANG Xun 2016, 0(1): 142-146.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1415KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Distinguishing the Authenticity of Collection of Letters by Famous People in the Qing Dynasty QING Zhaohui 2016, 0(1): 147-151.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1410KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

Select

On “Zhejia Fencui” at Guangdong during the Qing Dynasty HUANG Zhongxin 2016, 0(1): 152-156.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1422KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics