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15 November 2015, Volume 0 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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The Minren Immigrator in the Northeast China and Manchu & Han Relationship in Qing Dynasty Liu Xiaomeng 2015, 0(4): 1-22.  Abstract ( )   PDF (189KB) ( )   The Qing court implenmented a long-term blockade policy toward the northeast China, prohibited the Minren(mainly Han people) from entering. The reality was, despite the regulation and policy restrictions, there were still a large number of Minren continue to break into the northeast area for reclamation. While developing economy in border areas, they also made a profound impact on local ethnic relations. Mainly depending on the archives from Criminal Department of Qing, take Minren Immigrator problem as focal point, this contribution intends to discuss the following five issues: the blockade policy and the Minren immigrator; the immigration of Minren and Bannerman-Minren relationship (commonly refer to Manchu and Han); Minren inflow and run off of the Banner field; the Bannerman-Minren mixed region and set up of the arbitration officer; business development and the cultural integration. Thereby, the conclusion attempt to sort out a clear clue for the change trendacy of Manchu-Han relationship of northeast in Qing dynasty. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Establishment of Order Contracts in Inner Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty—an Example from “Guihuacheng Tumet” Tian Mi 2015, 0(4): 23-38.  Abstract ( )   PDF (153KB) ( )   From the mid-Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, Tumet mongols were always nomadic.the officials possessed more land than the civilians . There weren’t also the contracts at that time. Eight years of Qianlong, the Qing court distributed Hukoudi among the Tumet mongols. Since then, they controlled their land more freely. With the government's policies , a large number of the Minren entered the Guihuacheng Tumet area , and the trade became more prosperous . These factors made the investment in land bring considerable profits to the people. The ownership awareness of the Minren and the mongols grew stronger , they began to determine land ownership by the contracts. The goverment gave implicit consent to the Minren leasing the land from the mongols forever , and used the contracts as the import evidences when they settled lawsuits . As a result , the contracts had the force of law. From that time, the contracts always existed and became popular. In the conflict between two cultures , Tumet mongols learned the land ownership concepts of the Han to fight for benefit on their own initiative. Through hundreds of years ,the livelihoods of Tumet mongols graded gradually from pasturing to collectting rents , and Guihuacheng Tumet area went from the vast grassland into the wide farmland. Related Articles | Metrics

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Officials’Selection, Appointment and Accreditation of Officials in the Ministry of Justice in Qing Dynasty Zheng Xiaoyou 2015, 0(4): 39-53.  Abstract ( )   PDF (145KB) ( )   The Ministry of Justice as the core authority handling criminal affairs,the specialization level of the Ministry’s officials，was able to take advantage of its powers and greatly affected the System of the whole country security. There were significant changes on many aspects within the Ministry after the Yongzheng and the early Qianlong reign period,including personnel arrangement such as the selection, investiture and accreditation of officials.After that,the officials’ entrance age was decreased, work time was prolonged.A combination of substitution and assignment made the officials divid into two classes.The ascending of officials was increasingly controlled by the chief officials in ministry. In older to be appreciated, the young officials tried a case during the day, and stuied the legal knowledge in the night.Their efforts made up for the lack of professional,and the specialization level of the Ministry’s officials had been greatly improved. Related Articles | Metrics

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A study on the Tax and Demarcation Disputes of WeihaiWei in 1900 Liu Bensen 2015, 0(4): 54-68.  Abstract ( )   PDF (151KB) ( )   At the beginning of the British leasing WeiHaiWei, the territory is peaceful, only the demarcation in 1900 leads to sino-foreign conflict. The conflict is unclear, and it is necessary to study. In the spring of 1900, in front of the demarcation, there were lots of rumors circulated among the people, saying that Britain would impose higher tax and poison the natives. So, the natives assembled together to resist tax and demarcation. The British thought rumor coming from the gentry. So they dispersed the rallies and told them the truth, but there was little effect. Chinese officials brought wrong information, which spread the rumors further. In the process of the joint demarcation, people gathered to block. Chinese officials proposed to suspend, but the British determined to continue, which caused the people to carry out violent protests. Under the repression of the Chinese Regiment, nearly 30 people were killed. Then the British officials completed the demarcation unilaterally. The starting point of the natives violence was to to resist tax disposition, and the reason was their believing of rumors. The main responsibility of the conflict lies in the officials of Chinese and British, and the biggest victim is the natives. Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of the Bordered White Banner Mongol Generals Yamun Archives in the Toyo Bunk Khasbagan 2015, 0(4): 69-79.  Abstract ( )   PDF (125KB) ( )   The Toyo Bunko owns some collections of the valuable archives of the Bordered White Banner Mongol Generals Yamun in Qing dynasty. For the forms, these archives can be classified as the archives of the origins of the assistant commandant, the Memorials of the assistant commandant, the archives of the genealogical tree, the Memorials of the hereditary of the positions and their genealogical tree, the archives of the introduce and complementary feeding, the archives of annual situation of the old cape’s soldiers, the archives of daily costs, the lists of the records, the Memorials of the Gratitude, the archives of the money-grain relations, the archives of submission of the assistant commandant’s widows and children etc. From the content of these archives, this paper analysis the construction of the assistant commandant members of the Eight-banner Mongolians, the genre of the Niru and the assistant commandant, the hereditary titles, the effectiveness of the decrees, the languages of the archives, and then emphasize the important historical value of these archives. Related Articles | Metrics

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From "Han Who Surrendered to the Qing" to "Chinese Bannermen":Taking the "Mukden Born" as the Core Watanuki Tetsuro 2015, 0(4): 80-91.  Abstract ( )   PDF (129KB) ( )   The most Chinese Bannermen were officials of the Ming and their descendents who surrendered，were taken prisoner, or were forced to submit to the Qing ( The Later Jin). Classified as“Han Chinese who surrendered”in the early Qing they entered the Banners and became “Manjurified.” This article takes the high level officers among Han who submitted and their descendents as its focus. The author finds that Shen Chengxian, Zu Fengrun, Wang Shixuan, Cai Shiying and others，after they surrendered they had no choice but to leave they wives and children in Han territory， moreover they married and had children in Mukden. When it came time to inherit offices, the Shen family, Zu family, and Wang family, did not select their children born in Han territory， rather the children born in Mukden inherited their offices, and established new banner genealogies. This was a reflection of the Manjurification of the Han in the early Qing, a phenomenon that has been overlooked by researchers． Related Articles | Metrics

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The Policy of Interest Bearing Silver and the Privy Purse's Lending:The Example of the Imperial Household's Interest Bearing Silver Operation Sun Xiaoying 2015, 0(4): 92-99.  Abstract ( )   PDF (98KB) ( )   To solve the means of livelihood of Bannerman is an essential problem for Banner affairs in earlier stage in Qing Dynasty. Since Kangxi Emperor, the following emperors in reign all adopt economic measures to ameliorate the situation. And one of most successful measures is the system of "Sliver Currency (Tael Currency)for Interests" implied from the first year of Yongzheng reign. On the other hand, in order to increase the incomes of imperial treasury, Nei-wu-fu also debits silver currency to merchants and so on. The system of "Silver Currency" is evidently different from debit of imperial treasury as well as the two relate to each other. By analyzing the operation of silver currency which to the Nei-wu-fu and explicating the procedures of debit of imperial treasury, author makes a definite relationship between the two systems. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Redeployment and Changing Status of Jingkou's Chinese Bannermen and the Garrison of Yili Sun Shoupeng 2015, 0(4): 100-106.  Abstract ( )   PDF (91KB) ( )   In this paper, based on Six Manchu Historical Archives of the First Historical Archives of China, assisted with " The Archives in Qianlong’s palace," "Qingshilu" and other literatures, in Qianlong’s twenty-eighth year, the resettlement of Jingkou’s Hanjun was studied t, the immigration of Jiangning’s Mongolia banners to Jingkou was also explored, and the relation of vacancy of Hanjun and Xinjiang garrison was discussed, too. It revealed that the leaving-banner’s driving force of Jingkou’s Hanjun was the garrison of Yili, and it became a link of its military deployment of the country, at the same time the livelihood of the banner that existed a long time was disposed. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Investigation of Hunchun Local Government Patrol in the Nanhai Area in Qing Dynasty Nie Youcai 2015, 0(4): 107-116.  Abstract ( )   PDF (286KB) ( )   Russia’s primorsky and east coast area was the district where the Manchu ancients lived generations, watched for and developed for a long time. Eight banners’ officers and soldiers of Hun Chun patrolled Nan Hai district for a long time in the Qing dynasty. After Sino-Russian Treaty of Peking signed, the Nan Hai district reduced foreign. According to the “Documents of Hun Chun Vice-general Yamen”, the paper mainly probes the whole thing of patrolling the Nan Hai in Qing dynasty, which includes patrolling origin, patrolling staff composition, patrolling time, patrolling route, patrolling manners, and patrolling regimens etc. Reviewing the history, not only help promote probing the Hun Chun local history, the history of the eight banners system, but to understand the modern history of northeast territory changes between China and Russia have enlightenment. Related Articles | Metrics

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Studies on the Position and Function of Imperial Bodyguards in xinjiang in Qing Dynasty Geng Qi 2015, 0(4): 117-123.  Abstract ( )   PDF (77KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review of Qing History Studies in 2014 Qi Meiqin et al. 2015, 0(4): 124-143.  Abstract ( )   PDF (163KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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An Index to the Articles on Qing History in 2014 Wang Xufen 2015, 0(4): 144-156.  Abstract ( )   PDF (104KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics