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15 September 2015, Volume 0 Issue 3 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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The Debates and Controversy around the Forged Old Text Chapters of the Shangshu among Qing Scholars ZHANG Xun 2015, 0(3): 1-14.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1699KB) ( )   There were two themes in the argument about the Old Text Chapters of the Shangshu ( Book of Documents) among Qing Confucian scholars. The first approach determined whether it was genuine or fake, while the second approach wanted to exclude or preserve it from the canon. Modern scholars relying on philology and history have addressed whether it was genuine. While Qing Confucian scholars eschewed the simple true-or-false dichotomy because it could not consider the value of Old Text Chapters of the Shangshu for Confucianism. Because there was a layer of argumentation above the level of textual study, Qing scholars generally regarded the Old Text Chapters of the Shangshu as excellent. So that how to deal with textual study and principle——excluding it based authenticity or preserving it for its correctness——became an ongoing controversy to them. Since the principles expressed in the text has been excluded from the modern scholarship, if we can put aside the traceability of modern history and philology and turn it into the dilemma of exclusion or preservation of Old Text Chapters of the Shangshu which stems from the Qing scholars’insistence of the principles，then the significance of the Han learning for Qing intellectual history，which was reflected in the continuous controversy，would be that it was not the source of modern scholarship，but a big break between Han Learning and modern scholarship． Related Articles | Metrics

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Official and Private Interaction in the Compilation of County Annals and Clan Genealogies: The Example of Jingxian County in Anhui Province ZHANG Aihua 2015, 0(3): 15-29.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1721KB) ( )   In the Qing Dynasty，county annals were an important platform for local public history，and clan genealogies were representative of private history. But in the compilation process, these works interacted very closely.Behind the interaction between public history and private history，there was a common operating force—powerful clans and the official gentry class colluding to exert their influence. This essay undertakes a thorough analysis of the complex interplay between the Jingxian county annals and clan genealogies to reveal the dominance of patriarchal clans over the character of Qing era local gazetteers，aswell as the important role of the clan genealogy in constructing local culture． Related Articles | Metrics

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History of the Concepts of Bianxue 辨学 and Bianxue 辩学 during the Develop of Western Logic in China WANG Huibin et al. 2015, 0(3): 30-38.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1640KB) ( )   During Late Ming and Early Qing, bianxue (辨学) and bianxue (辩学) were used equally to refer to the whole or a part of deductive logic. In the process of the transmission of Logic to China during the Late Qing, it was translated as bianxue (辨学)，which meant the discipline of studying discernment and argument．bianxue ( 辨学) ’s status as the translation for“logic”was replaced by mingxue (名学) and lunlixue (论理学)．But the concept was extended, in the context of the “Theory of Western Learning Being of Chinese Origin”and“Interpreting China according to the West”, to a discipline of debate and was equated with bianxue (辩学), which referred to Chinese Logic. Equating the concepts of bianxue (辨学) and bianxue (辩学) was due to the nebulousness distinction between bian (辨) and bian (辩)in ancient Chinese and the limited the effect of the term bianxue (辨学) in the late Qing and, to some degree, its value for promoting logic into China and legitimating Chinese Logic and even Chinese Philosophy． Related Articles | Metrics

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The Origin of the Dispute on Gorbitsa River’s Location YANG Liting et al. 2015, 0(3): 39-46.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2408KB) ( )   There are two different views on the location of Gorbitsa River，which forms part of the boundary between China and Russia that was agreed to in the Treaty of Nerchinsk 1689.  Chinese scholars generally believe that the Gorbitsa River ( 119 °10'E，35 ° 08'N) was the old border，but some foreign scholars hold that today’s Amazar river，which is east of the present-day Gorbitsa River，was the old Gorbitsa River. This paper sorts out these two views’and data biases and their original dates. It is noteworthy that although the records on Gorbitsa River were quite different, whether west or east of the great Gorbitsa River，the records on boundary tablets were the same. The tablet was always near the west river. It turns out that the boundary river agreed on in the Treaty of Nerchinsk was the western one，and this river was called Gorbitsa River in the Treaty of Nerchinsk. Huang Yuquan Lantu，which was drawn by foreign Jesuits, mistakenly marked the Gorbitsa River on east of the great Gorbitsa River. Yet，because of its authority，a large number of subsequent maps and literature, even Western literature about China, perpetuated this mistake. These erroneous maps and literature became the source of misunderstanding for the location of the Gorbitsa River. By the dispute of the Gorbitsa River’s location, this paper reveals the shortcomings of private copying of Qing Dynasty maps and literature，and demonstrates that only by tracing back the original sources and identifying the original data，we can restore the fundamental historical truth．   Related Articles | Metrics

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Evolution ofImperial Policy for the Disposition of Estates of Meritorious Ming Officials and Imperial Relatives during the Early Qing Dynasty SHENG Cheng 2015, 0(3): 47-59.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1654KB) ( )   The imperial edict for “Renaming the Land”issued during the Kangxi reign was a continuation and adjustment of the related regulations that the Shunzhi emperor had issued. Scholars have paid much attention to the Kangxi emperor’s policies however, few of them have discussed the Shunzhi. Constituting a“blind spot”in historical research. This article analyzes the evolution of the institution of disposing the or the imperial estates and landholdings of meritorious Ming officials in the early Qing dynasty based on combing through the historical materials such as archival records. This article has three viewpoints. First, the confiscation of the estates of the meritorious officials and the imperial relatives in Ming dynasty evolved over time. At first the imperial court accepted the nominal ownership to the property by peasants who occupied the land. Later the land was appropriated and incorporated into estates for the Eight Banners. Over time, the government levied taxes, turned the field into farmlands, and stopped the enclosure. The institution changed depending largely on its specific target. Secondly, to increase revenues and turn the official fields into private fields, the Qing imperial court also sold the estates of the meritorious Ming officials and imperial relatives. However, constricted by various historical elements, the imperial court had to recruit laborers, which formed a dual system—selling out property and recruiting laborers. Thirdly, lacking relevant regulations, the disposition of households was not very effective in early Shunzhi. It was not until the twelfth and thirteenth years of the Shunzhi reign ( 1655－56) , that the Ministry of Revenue had formulated a systematic regulation governing the property，which provided a stable guarantee of ownership. These regulations created the foundation for the enactment of the Kangxipolicies．   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Transaction of Fishing Rights in Poyang Lake Region since the Late Ming Dynasty: A Study of“Lake Contracts”( maihuqi) and“Lake Leases”( zuhuzi) LIU Shigu 2015, 0(3): 60-73.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1684KB) ( )   Poyang Lake has two variable physical features. The area of the lake fluctuates dramatically between the wet and dry seasons. Property rights are more complex during the dry season. Since the late Ming Dynasty, there was an active“Fishing Rights”trading market in the Poyang Lake region. The boundary of water surface could not be as clearly delineated in a physical way as land could be, and fishing rights could not be traded as a unit of area, but rather only as virtual “shares.” In the Qing dynasty, the trading of fishing rights mainly comprised three forms: general tenancy, permanent tenancy, and complete sale. In fact, the concept of “permanent tenancy”not only existed in civil society, but this form also received official recognition. But, this kind of “permanent tenancy”was not purely a type of market-driven behavior; it was influenced by many non-market factors． Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Operations of County-level Salt Administration through the “Conversion of Salt Tax into Poll Tax”in Dongguan County from the Kangxi to Qianlong Periods LI Xiaolong 2015, 0(3): 74-85.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1674KB) ( )   County governments played a very important role in the salt administration and the collection of salt taxes in the Qing dynasty. Local officials were responsible for selling salt and suppressing smuggling locally，while the central government designed strict tests on the salt law to ensure that the system works out. But counties had no independent administrative power in the institutional system of Qing dynasty，so they were often put into passive positions in the salt administration operation. The“conversion of the salt tax into a poll tax”in Dongguan County, Guangdong Province from the Kangxi to Qianlong Reign，was the result of mediating the conflicts between the superior policy from central government and the actual operation at the local level. This institutional change was the result of a process represented the local rejection of the orthodox salt law and the acquiescence of the central government for the reality of the daily operation of policies at the county level. This process has shown that in order to deal with the central government’s inspection of the administration of the salt law，county officers often took advantage of the change of political situations and flaws in the institutional system. Specifically, local officials sought to a balance between the central government and themselves，to achieve the purpose of changing local salt law, and ultimately ensuring the effective operations of the salt administration and the collection of salt tax in the Qing dynasty．   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Choice between People’s Livelihood and Ancestral Rules: Disputes over the Cultivation of Imperial Garden Nanyuan after the Jiaqing and Daoguang Reigns LIU Zhonghua 2015, 0(3): 86-95.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1651KB) ( )   The reclamation of land in the Imperial Garden Nanyuan was prohibited under“traditional ancestral Rule,”which reflected national Manchu characteristics of Archery hunting. Although the government frequently repeated the prohibition, these prohibition were ultimately ineffective. The phenomenon of private cultivation became more and more serious after the Jiaqing and Daoguang reigns and there had been proposals to cancel the ban for various reasons in the Xianfeng and Tongzhi reigns. Unfortunately，these proposals were repeatedly rejected，because ancestral rules were always more important than the people’s livelihood in the eyes of the Emperor. By the end of Guangxu reign, Nanyuan was fully opened, and the rules forbidding reclamation finally succumbed to economic pressure and peoples’livelihood. For the Qing Court, whether or not Nanyuan was reclaimed was a political rather than an economic problem，which related to the foundation of country. With the decline of Qing Dynasty, the ancestral rules finally gave way to economic demands． Related Articles | Metrics

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Regional Market and the Survival of the Traditional Iron-making Industry in Southern Zhejiang in the Late Qing Period JIANG Qin 2015, 0(3): 96-108.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2487KB) ( )   Beginning in the mid-nineteenth century，China was forced to open up its domestic market. The dumping of foreign goods caused the decline of the traditional handicrafts. But in the village of Shicang in Southern Zhejiang province，the iron-making industry survived until the mid-twentieth century，despite facing serve competition from Western products. Based on historical documents such as account books，receipts，tax bills，other materials，this paper describes and analyzes the strategies of the native ironmakingindustry. These strategies included: 1. keeping the iron-sand washing as sideline occupation of farmers; 2. maintaining contacts with outside markets and 3. serving the regional market and producing iron pans and farming tools. The main reason for the survival of China’s traditional iron-making industry lies in China’s segregated regional market，which provided time and space for its self-adjustment． Related Articles | Metrics

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Enacting and Implementing the Laws on Secreties Society in the Qing Dynasty QING Baoqi et al. 2015, 0(3): 109-118.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1602KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Imperial Commissioned Jinshi Zhang Taiji DONG Jianzhong 2015, 0(3): 119-125.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1561KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Textual Research on Biography of Yi’an Empress of Ming Dynasty ZHANG Hui 2015, 0(3): 126-131.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1552KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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The Related Historical Events to the New-discovered Chinese Handwriting Poem on the Cliff in Western Mongolia WU Lan 2015, 0(3): 132-137.  Abstract ( )   PDF (6162KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation of the New-discovered Letters by Liang Qichao LI Chengqing 2015, 0(3): 138-144.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1573KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review of Hechu shi Jiangnan by Yang Nianqun ZHANG Ruilong 2015, 0(3): 145-156.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1690KB) ( )   Related Articles | Metrics