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15 September 2020, Volume 0 Issue 5 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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Textual Research on Regional Administrative Boundaries and Geographical Reproduction during Qing Dynasty: The Compilation Practice of the Major Project “The Historical Atlas of China during the Qing Dynasty” HUA Linfu 2020, 0(5): 1-23.  Abstract ( )   PDF (3203KB) ( )   Historical maps are the greatest accomplishments of research in historical geography.The project team completed The Historical Atlas of China during the Qing Dynasty in the past ten years, and the newest achievement will inherit and develop this academic tradition. All seventy-two maps in three groups have technological innovations. All the features on the maps have been rigorously examined, and all the points, lines and surfaces have been verified by using data from more than one document or antique map. The complete textual research content is presented in Biangaobiao（编稿表） which is divided into Zhengbian（正编） and Fubian（辅编） . The former includes significant features in the history of Qing Dynasty, and the latter serves as the basis for drawing the boundaries of administrative regions. The project team selected more than 40000 figures from Zhengbian（正编）and drew the county-level administrative boundaries covering the whole country in 1911 accordingto Fubian（辅编）, thus improving the research accuracy of the administrative boundaries from the prefecture（府）level to the county level. The Historical Atlas of China during the Qing Dynasty is the first dynastic atlas of China, which is helpful for us to understand the process of the expansion or reduction of the territory, the establishment of administrative regions and the changes in the geographical features of Qing Dynasty. It has significant academic value, strong practical significance. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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From Training Field to Commercial Market:Commercialization of the Chongqing Military Grounds and the Decline of the Green Standard Army in the Qing Dynasty LIU Wei 2020, 0(5): 106-115.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1526KB) ( )   The Chongqing Military Grounds was where three troops directly under the Chongqing Military Command trained in the Qing Dynasty. In consequence of the institutional economic predicament of Green Standard Army, the location gradually changed from a military training ground to a market during the expansion of urban commercial space in Chongqing. Between the later years of the Kangxi reign and the early years of the Yongzheng reign, the common people and the officers and soldiers of Green Standard Army who were forced to do something to make a living began to encroach upon the government’s land of and build houses and shops on it. In view of the adverse effect of theoccupation of the land on military training, the principal of Chongqing Military Command took the action of cleaning up the occupied land. In the twelfth year of the Jiaqing reign (1807), the principal of Chongqin Military Command rented out the space to repay the debts owed to officers and soldiers and subsidize the soldiers’ monthly rice consumption. Since then, the area was completely reduced to a commercial market that was occupied by people in various trades. The officers and soldiers of the three troops directly under Chongqing Military Command lost their basic military training ground during the transformation from a military training field to a trade market, and this had an irreversible impact on the decline of their combat effectiveness. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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“Under the Forbidden Border Decree”: Research on a Cross-border Homicide Case Involving a Korean, Jin Renshu ZHANG Xinyu 2020, 0(5): 106-115.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1524KB) ( )   During the early period of the Qing dynasty, the China-Korea border was gradually delineated, and the supervision of the border was strengthened. In 1749, a group of Korean soldiers led by Jin Renshu crossed the Tumen River and attacked and killed a ginseng miner in Qing territory. According to the precedent set in Kangxi reign, the court sentenced Jin to be beheaded, and the local officials involved in the incident were sentenced to be exiled. However, an analysis of the Manchu archives reveals that the circumstances of the case were more complicated and involved the theft of ginseng. The case reveals how frontier people made use of a strengthened border on the Tumen River, to their benefit. Despite the Qing policy of closing the border, there were economic and social interactions in the border area. At the same time, Hunchun Bannermen exerted influence on the aspect of border management. The incident provided a grassroots perspective on the China-Korea relationship in the Mid-Qing period. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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County-level Administrative Regions’ Pattern and Boundary Formation in Fengtian and Jinzhou Prefectures in the Late Qing Dynasty ZHAO Yicai 2020, 0(5): 24-37.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1976KB) ( )   In the late Guangxu reign (1875-1908), there were frequent adjustments to the administrative regions in Fengtian. Fengtian and Jinzhou which were the most developed regional units in Northeast China. Under the influence of various factors, such as the weakening of the status of the alternate capital, the implementation of the provincial system, local grass-roots governance, and commerce in the late Qing, two county-level administrative units were upgraded, two prefectureleveladministrative units and seven county-level administrative units were established, while one county-level administrative unit was abolished in Fengtian and Jinzhou. The mode of spatial division of the new administrative regions mainly adopted the practice of “separations within the county” and the boundaries showed a strong historical inheritance. The changes of the boundaries mainly resulted from the establishment of new counties. The alignment of mountains, rivers and the Willow Palisade were the main factors affecting the shape of the boundaries. In addition, the local twists and turns and anomalies increased the complexity of the border patterns and affected the formation of the administrative structure. Based on the experience of compiling Fengtian historical maps for The History Atlas of China during the Qing Dynasty, the article reconstructs the county boundaries of Fengtian and Jinzhou at the end Qing Dynasty. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Drawing of Enclaves in the Hubei Map of The Historical Atlas of China during the Qing Dynasty CHEN Bing 2020, 0(5): 38-52.  Abstract ( )   To illustrate the situation of Hubei Province in 1911 clearly, the Hubei Map of The Historical Atlas of China during the Qing Dynasty drew sixteen enclaves which existed outside of the county borders. This article elucidates the enclave selection process based on Zou Family’s Hubei Map system, makes multi-scale classification for sixteen enclaves, analyzes when each enclave disappeared, illustrates one-by-one research and map restoration, and summarizes the eight problems often encountered in the investigation of ancient place names. This research makes up for deficiencies in existing historical maps, enhances the level of research on the enclave phenomenon, contributes to studies of peasant uprisings and military history, and furthers the understanding of the urbanization process since the end of Qing Dynasty. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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On the Civil Law of Ancient China: From the Perspective of Civil Law in the Qing Dynasty ZHANG Jinfan 2020, 0(5): 53-67.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1477KB) ( )   Because of specific national conditions, there was no independent civil code in ancient China, but there were many civil legal standards and a developed legal civilization. In the Qing Dynasty, the independent civil legal standards were compiled in Standards on Households (Hu Lü) in The Laws and Precedents of Great Qing (Da Qing Lü Li) and Regulation is for the Board of Revenues (Hu Bu Ze Li). The civil legal standards not only represented the final form of ancient Chinese civil law, but also faced modern transformation. In this process, the valid part of civil law in The Current Criminal Law of Great Qing (Da Qing Xian Xing Xing Lü) and the valid part of civil law in the Regulation is for the Board of Revenues were applied until The Civil law of the Republic of China was promulgated in 1929. The characteristics of the civil legal standards in Qing Dynasty could be summarized as the following: the diversification of the source of civil law; Confucian culture’s integration of Rites (li) with Law guided the civil legal standards; the state attached great importance to the power of clans and the patriarchal clan system, and compensated for the deficiencies in the law with the clan regulations; finally, the principle of introducing precedent (li) from legal cases, and legislation in accordance with changes in objective circumstances. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Relationship between the Confucian Classics and Legal Studies in the Qing Dynasty LI Ming 2020, 0(5): 68-80.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1515KB) ( )   Jurisprudence in the Qing Dynasty, centered on the statutes and focused on annotating the Qing Code easier to facilitate judicial practice. Officials at different levels required an understanding the technicalities and practicality of the law, but ordinary scholars paid little attention to legal studies. In fact, legal studies were marginalized in the Qing academic system until the Jiaqing and Daoguang reigns when the positive effects of the interest in legal practice led to remarkable progress in legal research. Based on their knowledge of the structure of the law, researchers actively promoted the development of legal studies. On the one hand, researchers explained the law according to the classics to enhance the status of legal studies, while the officials arbitrated legal cases using the classics. On the other hand, using the method of analyzing the Confucian classics to study difficult legal texts promoted the literary quality of legal studies. Thus, the Qing dynasty, the study of law was closely related to the study of Confucian Classics and the study of law moved closer to the study of the classics in terms of research methodologies and value concern. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Study of the Qing Government’s Control of the Eight Banners’ Primary-level Organization before 1644: Illustrated by the Case of the Usu Clan’s Gisha and Gibkada LIU Nan 2020, 0(5): 81-90.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1520KB) ( )   Before the Qing entered the pass in 1644, Nurhaci and Hong Taiji controlled the bannermen by conferring official positions, hereditary offices and exclusive administrative authority in the Eight Banners. The brothers Gisha and Gibkada were among the earlier Manchuria bannermen who joined the Qing. Their stories of winning many battles were recorded in the “Mukūn Tatan” and “Huang Zi” of “Old Manchu Documents”, an important archive before the Qing entered the pass. Nurhaci and Hong Taiji controlled the Eight Banners’ primary-level organization by adjusting Gisha and Gibkada’s niru under their management, granting them hereditary positions, conferring and taking Gibkada’s exclusive administration authority, in order to strengthen the kingship under decentralized authority. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Social Structure of Qaracin Area under the Alba System in the Qing: A Case Study on the Qaracin Right Banner BAO Huhemuqier 2020, 0(5): 91-105.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1526KB) ( )   With the opening to the public of large number of Archives of the Jasag Banners, more and more researchers have gradually noticed the dual structure and coexistence of “Otuγ” and “Sumu” in the Mongolian society during the Qing Dynasty. The former was the organization of the traditional Mongolian society composed of the noble group “Baγ” and its people, while the latter was an organization which the Qing created to govern the Mongols. However, few of the current researchers have examined the interaction between the two. The author takes “Alba” as a point of entry and uses the Qaracin Right Banner as an example to explain the coexistence principle, operation mechanism, and mutual relationship of the two systems. References | Related Articles | Metrics