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主管:教育部
主办:中国人民大学
ISSN 1002-8587  CN 11-2765/K
国家社科基金资助期刊

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    15 November 2020, Volume 0 Issue 6 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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    Raising Enterprise Capital and the Process of Industrialization in Modern China: The Example of the Government Silver Bureau of the Pingxiang Mine Bureau
    XIONG Changkun
    2020, 0(6): 115-130. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1363KB) ( )  

    After the establishment of the Pingxiang Mine Bureau, a Government Silver Bureau ( 官银号 ), was created to transfer funds and raise capital for the enterprise. Additionally, the Government Silver Bureau also issued a certain amount of silver certificates ( 银钱票 ) and bamboo tallies ( 竹筹 ). The Bureau was profitable and performed quite well. Later the Han-yang Steel Factory, the Daye Iron Ore and the Pingxiang Mine Bureau were merged into the Hanyeping Company, while the financial problems of the Pingxiang Mine Bureau and the Han-yang Steel Factory remained unresolved. After the 1911 revolution, the Pingxiang Mine Bureau and the Hanyeping Company successively lost autonomy and were trapped in increasingly heavier foreign debt. The Pingxiang Government Silver Bureau set a precedent for the joint development of a modern enterprise and financial institution. Although the methods the Government Silver Bureau differed somewhat from those of modern banks, these methods embodied the nature of a transition from traditional to modern.

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    What is “China” Really?-the “Micro-Study” in Economic History
    LI Bozhong
    2020, 0(6): 131-134. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1148KB) ( )  
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    Moving Beyond Formal Economics: in Search of an Appropriate  Approach for Studying the Economic History of Traditional China
    LIU Zhiwei?
    2020, 0(6): 135-138. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1200KB) ( )  
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    The Diversification of Theoretical Methods and the Study of Economic History of the Qing Dynasty
    WANG Yuru?
    2020, 0(6): 139-141. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1179KB) ( )  
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    A Capitalisation Perspective on the Great Divergence
    CHEN?Zhiwu?
    2020, 0(6): 142-145. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1243KB) ( )  
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    Two Issues that Should be Paid Attention to in the Study of Economic History in Qing Dynasty: the Historical Reality on Problem Consciousness and the Economic Sector in the Whole Society
    HE Ping
    2020, 0(6): 146-149. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1146KB) ( )  
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    On the Deviation and Errors of the Chinese Historical Mind in 20th Century: Focus on the Economic History in Qing Dynasty
    LONG Denggao
    2020, 0(6): 150-156. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1197KB) ( )  
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    Market Economy and Capitalism: Studies of the Ming-Qing Economic History of China from the Perspective of the Great Divergence
    HE Wenkai
    2020, 0(6): 21-36. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1352KB) ( )  
    This?paper?reviews?the?scholarship?on?the?economic?history?of?Ming?and?Qing?China?and?compares?it?with?the?literature?on?the?economic?history?of?western?Europe,?and?highlights?some?fundamental?differences?between?a?market?economy?and?capitalism.?By?the?eighteenth?century,?a?market?economy?characterized?by?the?mobility?of?the?production?factors?of?labor,?land,?and?capital?had?consolidated?in?China,?and was?comparable?to?the?market?economies?of?pre-Industrial?Revolution?western Europe.However,?if?capitalism?is?understood?as?an?economic?system?in?which?the?state? fiscal?system?is?deeply?interconnected?with?the?private?financial?markets,?then?a prerequisite?for?its?development?is?the?modern?fiscal?state.?Such?a?modern?fiscal?state?not?only?did?not?emerge?in?Ming-Qing?China,?but?its?absence?was?a?major?stumbling?block?to?the?development?of?an?industrial?economy?in?China in the latter half of the nineteenth century.
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    Continuation of a Prosperous Age or Beginning of a Decline? A Research on Characteristics of Nominal Wages during Jiaqing Period of Qing Dynasty (1795-1820) and Discussion on Skill Premium
    SUN Rui and LI Muzi
    2020, 0(6): 37-52. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1757KB) ( )  
    This paper explores the overall characteristics of nominal wages in the Jiaqing Period (1795-1820), with a special focus on long-neglected aspects, such as temporal and spatial differences, occupational differences, and wage compositions. During this period, wages were generally stable, which did not seem to reflect contemporary impacts on society. The physical components of the wages cannot be ignored as they offered a huge part of welfare to workers. Differences in wages were mainly manifested in skills, regions, and industries. A stable and relatively low skill premium indicated the existence of good institutional efficiency in Chinese economy during this period, but this did not reflectan improvement in labor productivity. The underestimation and misinterpretation of Chinese wages inthe global comparisons of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are debatable.
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    Amending the Central Regulations (Li) and the governance of the Qing Dynasty: An Analysis Based on Great Qing Code (Da Qing lü li) and The Collected Statutes and Precedents (Huidian Shili)
    PENG Kaixiang and LIN Zhan
    2020, 0(6): 37-52. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (2551KB) ( )  
    The?continuous?growth?of?regulations?(li)?in?the?Qing?Dynasty?has?been?documented?and?explained?by?voluminous?literature.?However,?this?paper?finds?that?this?literature?does?not?capture?the full?picture.?The?upward?trend?in?the?number?of?new?regulations?(li) in the Great Qing Code (Da Qing Lü Li)?was?not?sustained?throughout?the?entire?Qing?Dynasty.?Additionally,?the?patterns?in?the?growth?of?new?regulations?(li)?were?of?different?for?various?types?of?regulations.?The?growth?of?regulations?(Li) mainly?occurred?before?the?middle?period?of?the?Qianlong?reign,?but?afterwards?there?was?a?decline.?However,?the?decline?in?the?growth?rate?of?new?regulations?and precedents?(zeli) of the central government departments?of?the?bureaucracy?was?relatively?weaker?and?not?as?sustained?as?regulations?(li) in the Great Qing Code.?With?the?change?in?the?number,?the?structure?of?the?regulations?(li) has also changed. The?importance?of?“enacting?regulations?based?on?cases”?increased?compared?with?“enacting?regulations?based?on?high?rank?officers’?suggestions.”?The?tendency?toward?“criminalization”?in?the?Great Qing Code?was?also?strengthened.?In?the?meantime,?“governing officials”?remained?the?main?source?of?central?regulations for the Great Qing Code.?Governing?officials?also?shaped?the?relationship?between?local?government and society, and this provided room for private regulations to gain legal validity indirectly.This?source?of?legislation?increased?the?adaptability?of?the?governance?of?the?Qing?Dynasty.
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    “All Officials Are to Be Respected”? Unveiling the Political Risks of Commercial litigation in Eighteenth-Century Chongqing
    CHIU Pengsheng
    2020, 0(6): 73-84. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1350KB) ( )  
    Commercial?transactions?bring?commercial?risk?such?as?breach?of?contract?and?fraud.?Merchants?can?reduce?this?risk?through?litigation.?However,?under?certain?political?circumstances,?businessmen?who?engage?in?litigation?may?run?the?risk?of?extortion?by?officials.?Faced?with?the?dilemma?that?litigation?may?reduce?commercial?risks?but?increase?political?risks,?how?did?Ming?and?Qing?merchants?weigh?their options?and?choose??This?article?not?only?analyzes?the?discourse?of?business? handbooks?that?exhorted?businessmen?to?reduce?litigation,?as?seen?in?aphorisms?such?as?“all?officials?are?to?be?respected”,?but?also?investigates?the?merchant?strategies?and?official?adjudications?found?in?several?commercial?lawsuits?in?eighteenth-century Chongqing.?In?so?doing,?the?article?demonstrates?institutional?change?in?Qing commercial?litigation?and?shows?the?historical?process?through?which?the?marketization?of the economy impacted the Qing justice system and led merchants to reevaluate commercial andpolitical risk.
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    Research on Rent Collection Disputes over Alluvium between Shanxi and Shaanxi Province in Qing Dynasty
    HU Yingze
    2020, 0(6): 85-97. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1302KB) ( )  
    The?section?of?the?Yellow?River?from?Longmen?to?Tongguan?has?a?typical?wandering?course.?The?changes?of?the?river’s?course?often?led?to?disputes?over?the?alluvial?deposits?on?both?sides?of?the?border.?The?archives?of?the?Qing?Court?reveal?the?central?government’s?role?in?the?mediation?of?disputes?between?Shanxi?and Shaanxi?provinces?when?changes?in?course?of?the?river?affected?the?boundary?between?the?two?provinces.?For?reasons?such?as?river?protection,?the?central?government?clearly?defined?the?ownership?of?alluvium?and?designated?it?as?official?land.?The?government?allocated?the?land?to?related?villages?and?imposed?rent?and?tax?obligations.?This?was?not?the?so-called?Guanzhong?Mode?of?confused?rent?and?tax?collection?or?the?fuzzy?concept?of?property?rights.?The?Guanzhong?Mode emphasized extra-economic coercion and force. Archives of the Qing Court clearly reveal that state?power?was?different?from?coercion,?and?environmental?dependence?was?different?from personal?attachment.
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    lineages, Gentry and Imperial Examination Foundations in Songyang County, Zhejiang Province in late Qing China
    JIANG Qin and LIU Zhixiang
    2020, 0(6): 98-114. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1344KB) ( )  
    Since?the?Jiaqing?and?Daoguang?Reigns?in?the?Qing?Dynasty,?a?large?number?of?imperial?examination foundations (binxing)?were?set?up?in?southeast?China?to?support?the?travel?expenses?of?provincial?and?metropolitan?exam?candidates.?Some?foundation?were?“public?welfare”?organizations?that?supported?all?local?students;?others?were?“mutual?aid”?organizations?that?only?supported?offspring?of?foundation?contributors.?This?article?combs?through?the?history?of?Wengong?(Zhuxi)?Temple,?in? Songyang?County,?Zhejiang?Province,?and?finds?that?people?in?both?urban?and?rural?areas?actively?participated?in?the?process?of?fund?raising.?The?Wengong?Temple?fund?guaranteed?the?expenditure?of?the?Ziyang?Academy?first,?and?the?travel?expenses?for?the?descendants?of?those?contributors?second.?But?the?attribute?of?mutual?aid gradually?faded,?and?all?local?scholars?received?“allowances”.?In?the?Xianfeng?and?Tongzhi?Reigns,?the?Taiping?Army?invaded?Songyang?county?and?caused?huge?property?losses,?consequently?the?Wengong?Temple?was?deeply?in?debt.?To?this?end,?managers?reiterated?the?principle?of?“mutual?aid”?to?get?Wengong?Temple?back?on?track.??So,?this?case?study?shows?that?imperial?examination?foundation?could?have?both?“public?welfare”?and?“mutual?aid”?attributes?because?the?traditional?education?and?the?imperial?examination?system?remained?in?a?symbiotic?embrace.
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