Abstract: The Manchu word “ubu”was the name for official functionaries，which included “seal-holders”
( zhangyin) ，“drafters”( zhugao) ，“deputy seal-holders”( bangyin) ，“deputy drafters”( banggao) ，
Guangu，etc． Seal-holders appeared first and later did be zhugao． These two kinds of administrative
associates would take responsibilities for works since the Qianlong reign． In Jiaqing and Daoguang reigns，
seal-holder，deputy drafters and Guangu appeared and formed an “ubu”sequence independent with
official positions． When official positions were nominated to the Ministry of Ｒites and determined the
associates’prospects and salaries，ubus were simply appointed by the chief officials in the ministry and
determined the associates’daily works and responsibilities． In the closing years of Qing Dynasty，newly
founded official positions，such as Sizhang，Juzhang，Kezhang，etc． ，were also called “new ubu”． It
shows that the ubu system worked an important part connecting the traditional and the modern
bureaucracy．