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15 February 2010, Volume 0 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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City God temples, the Zhang HeavenlyMaster, and Daoist Bureaucracy in Qing Jiangnan GAO Wan-Sang, CAO Xin-Yu, GU Sheng-Hong 2010, 0(1): 1-11.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1010KB) ( )   This article discusses the role of Daoists in Qing-period City God temples in the Jiangnan area. W hile other types of religious specialists and social groups were involved in the religious life of these temples, Daoists brought in their bureaucratic vision of religion in the way the cult was organized. They played a key role in operating the temple like a yamen, adm inistering justice, and levying symbolical taxes on local families. Moreover, they did so by referring to their hierarchical superior, namely the HeavenlyMaster. The core of the article is devoted to the variousways in which the Daoists in the City God temp les interacted with the adm inistration of Heavenly Master ( through canonizations, exchange of clerics, and judicial rituals). In conclusion, the author suggests that through the City God temples and their bureaucratic organization, the elite Daoists in Jiangnan participated to the construction of the imperial state. Related Articles | Metrics

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Transmission of the Chinese Sectarian Religion and its Vietnam Adaptation:An Introduction of the Scriptures of the Institute of Han-Nom Studies of Vietnam WU Nei-Fang-Si, LIU Ye-Hua 2010, 0(1): 12-19.  Abstract ( )   PDF (647KB) ( )   This article analyzes the transmission and adap tation of the Chinese sectarian religion in Vietnam, focusing on thecollection of scrip tures in the Institute of Han2Nom Studies. The author identifies in the collection original Xian-tia-dao scrip tures which were circulating among the Guangdong and Fujian immigrants and various versions of Vietnam adaptation which were circulating among Vietnameseps religionists, social reformers and nationalists in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Related Articles | Metrics

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New Perspectives on the Origins and Successions of the Line of the Way of the Green Lotus Teaching,including a Discussion on the Ninth Patriarch,Huang Dehui WANG Jian-Chuan 2010, 0(1): 20-26+36.  Abstract ( )   PDF (2668KB) ( )   Th is article, based on the early documents of the Green Lotus Teaching asserts that by the tmie of Yuan Zhiqian,at the latest,the sect’s extant genealogy and the theory that its patriarchs were incarnations of gods and Buddhas had already taken form. Synthesizing the descriptions in the sect's patriarchal genealogy about the third patriarch, Pu An, I further argue that the source of the theory of “the origin and succession of the patriarchal line”was likely Wu Zixiang of Jiangxi province or Huang Dehui. The“origin and succession of the patriarchal line”, in addition to being a record of the sects patriarchs, also conveyed the concept of “the Dao descending to ordinary households” as well as the“end of Buddhism and the beginning of Confucianism”. The sect's own texts, together with government archives, sugges that the ninth patriarch, Huang Dehui, was the same person as Huang Tingchen. Related Articles | Metrics

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Organization Expansion and Changes of Hierarchy Structure of Ko-Lao Hui in the Qing Dynasty （Han-）Yin-EnZi 2010, 0(1): 27-36.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1033KB) ( )   Ko-Lao-Hui developed with Shan-Tang as organizational archetype in the Qing dynasty. Shan-Tangwas a kind of symbolic code name for certain independent Ko-Lao Hui organization. Following the way in the popular story‘ShuiHu Zhuan’( The Outlaws of theMarsh) , every organization used their particular names of oth‘Shan’(mountain) and ‘Tang’( hall). The territory and size of an organization depends on the radius of action aswell as organizing capacity of its leaders. Some were limited to certain nook in a county with only dozens of members, while others spread into different counties in different provinces with members asmuch as tens of thousands.Organization structure of Ko-Lao-Hui was simple at first, but the relationships among innermembers as well as outer organizations became very complex in later ages. Based on such complex and enormous organizations, Ko-Lao-Hui formed a huge but incompact relationship network. This structural characteristic had given Ko-Lao-Hui foundation and dynamic for its expansion. Related Articles | Metrics

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Sources of "Yuan E Ren Ding" in da Qing yi tong zhi:A Case Study of Jiangnan ZHANG Xin-Min, HOU Yang-Fang 2010, 0(1): 37-46.  Abstract ( )   PDF (637KB) ( )   The sanple survey on Jiannan reveals that Yuan E Ren Ding(original Ding) in Da Qing yi tong zhi(National Gazetteer of Qing Dynasty)was based on different records of “Ding” in Jiangnan tong zhi(Local Gazetteer of Jiangnan)complied in Qian-long period of Qing dynasty, with no standards. The case study also indicates the danger of applying those figures to history research directly. Related Articles | Metrics

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he Agricultural Development in the North Piedmont of Tianshan Mountains in the Period of Qianlong Reign:from the Perspective of Environmental History ZHANG Li 2010, 0(1): 47-60.  Abstract ( )   PDF (566KB) ( )   This paper discusses the relationship between the human and the natural environment in the agricultural activities in the period of Qianlong Reign. In the first part, the author describes the natural environment and the nomadic cultural landscape before 1757, which is the basis to understand the agricultural development in the following time. In the second part, the author studies how the farming people from the inner land of China understood this piece of land, how the farming activities began, and how the cultivation technology imported from the inner land had to be changed according to the local natural conditions. In the end, the author points out the main changes of the landscape were the appearance of a great number of agricultural settlements and large tracts of farmland in the oasis at the end of the Qianlong reign. Related Articles | Metrics

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Reform on the Copper Policy and the Governmental Merchants of Nei-Wu-Fu in the Late Kangxi’s Reign WANG Meng 2010, 0(1): 61-72.  Abstract ( )   PDF (717KB) ( )   During the middle and late Kangxi reign, the Qing government reformed the copper administration in order to coin new copper cash. The merchants from the imperial household department as the copper-purchasing contractors, obtained the copper from Japan as much as possible. The reformation achieved success at the early stage, but when the Japanese government set up a new policy to restrict the copper export named“Syoutoku new regulation”in the city Nagasaki, the merchants had to face with a huge deficit and fell into a dilemma. Around how to make up the deficit, Kangxi’s arbitrary decision with the position of partiality to the imperial household department, Showed us a bad example of the powerful emperor’s influence on the Qing government finance. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Xuezheng’s Malpractice and the System of Check in the Early Qing AN Dong-Qiang 2010, 0(1): 73-79.  Abstract ( )   PDF (523KB) ( )   During the Ming-Qing period the Xuezheng ( provincial Educational Commissioner) was in charge of the provincial decree of schools, who was the tache between the civil examination and schools. Because of the Xuezheng’s great power, there was many bribery cases seriously jeopardizing the bureaucratic system of the dynasty. The early Qing carried out a series of measures to put things straight, and finally established the system of eliminating ten Xuezheng’s malpractice, which became the criterion for checking Xuezheng’s achievement. From then, many Xuezhengs were also punished by drudgeries. These measures safeguarded the rule of the early Qing Dynasty with good results. Related Articles | Metrics

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"Ceasing Selection by the Board of Personnel" and the Reform of County Magistrate’s Appointment System in the Late Qing LIU Wei 2010, 0(1): 80-89.  Abstract ( )   PDF (473KB) ( )   During the late Qing, with the growing power of Governors2general and Governors, the original magistrate’s selection system by the Board of Personnel and these highest provincial officials was impacted. After the Xinzheng Reform, the Qing court had to cease the selection by the Board. Thus gave rise to the conflict between the Board of Personnel and the highest provincial officials. The reform p resented an entanglement of the new and the old systems, and couldn’t resolve the problem of expectant appointee’s stagnation fundamentally. The Ceasing Selection was transitional. During the Reform, indicating and the reform was not completed. Related Articles | Metrics