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15 February 2007, Volume 0 Issue 1 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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A Reexamination of the zhuang Cunyu’s Revival of the"New Text"Scholarship Originating in Opposition to Heshen WANG Jun-Yi 2007, 0(1): 9-17.  Abstract ( )   PDF (978KB) ( )   “New Text” scholarship was an important academic school of thought. It is also topic that has interested scholars both in China and overseas, and there are still disagreements on some questions. Professor Benjamin Elman has attributed Zhuang Cunyu’s turn toward the revival of New Text in his old age to opposition to the regent, Heshen. This was the political significance underlying the rise of Changzhou New Text scholarship. Elman’s viewpoint has been influential. This paper, based on ample first-hand documentation, contends that it is impossible to delineate the confrontation and struggle between Zhuang and Heshen; meanwhile, this paper shows that Zhuang’s research on the classics was consistent throughout his whole life, and did not change in his old age. The author further points out that we should be discriminating in our reception of foreign scholarship. Related Articles | Metrics

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Yan Fu and Modern Academic Disciplines WANG Tian-Gen 2007, 0(1): 18-31.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1576KB) ( )    Considering the relation between reality and scientific theory, Yan Fu’s conception of modern academic disciplines was not only the pursuit of theory, but also a reflection of the actual politics of “saving the country from extinction.” Taking the abolition of the Civil Examination in 1905 as the watershed, Yan’s conception of modern academic disciplines could be divided into two periods. From the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 to the late Qing reforms and the abolition of the Civil Examination, Yan emphasized combining evolution, narrowly defined, with science to grasp the reason for Western prosperity and strength. Around 1905, when the constitutional monarchy movement was popular nationwide, Yan broadly interpreted evolution and narrowly conceived of natural selection, to explain the difficulty of changing political systems. As for scholarly research and methods, Yan emphasized natural selection and logical reasoning, which showed Yan’s “consistency.” Yan’s conception of modern academic disciplines, was not only influenced by elements of Western theory, but also the thought of “saving the country” when facing the difficulty of modern social transformation. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Guangzhou Cohong System of the Qing Dynasty XIAO Guo-Liang 2007, 0(1): 32-48.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1649KB) ( )   The Cohong system of Early Qing dynasty was the monopolistic in its separation of ownership and management, which made the Hong merchants a type of official businessman and the autocratic state’s instrument for controlling foreign trade. The Hong Merchants monopolized and controlled foreign trade, and simultaneously took on many official duties: collecting tariff, managing foreign traders, and dealing with foreign affairs on behalf of Qing dynasty. In the practical operation of the Cohong system, interests of the different groups were involver, including the state, the Guangdong customs, the Hong merchants, foreign traders, and private Chinese businessmen. The transformation of relations between these interests led to the Cohong system’s decay. This demonstrated the relationship between autocratic government and economy institutional change in traditional China. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Implementation of Disaster Relief Policies by the Central Government:A Case Study of Flood Relief Efforts in Pizhou,Suqian and Taoyuan Counties,Jiangsu Province in the Eleventh Year of the Qianlong Reign ZHANG Xiang-Wen 2007, 0(1): 49-56.  Abstract ( )   PDF (844KB) ( )   During the Qianlong reign, the central government attached great importance to disaster relief efforts and established a set of relief policies. Time and again the emperor stressed that relief policies must be as lenient as possible. The key to the success of relief efforts lay in successful implementation of policy. In Pizhou, Suqian and Taoyuan Counties of Jiangsu province in the eleventh year of the Qianlong period, flood-strcken victims received relief funds and food in time due to the implementation of relief policies and “the ready-made examples”, but many problems also existed. This paper shows that local officials had not adjusted measures to the tome and situation or failed in their duty, as a result, the victim relief efforts were only partly implemented. Related Articles | Metrics

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Market Competition in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries:Trade Assodations,Society,and the State in the Qing Dynasty:A Case Study Based on Baxian County Archives CHEN Ya-Ping 2007, 0(1): 57-64.  Abstract ( )   PDF (907KB) ( )   This article analyzes legal statutes and cases from Baxian County Arcives during 18 -19th century, that involved trade associations, their business regulations, and market competition. The paper reconstructs the roles that the state(regional government officials), gang of porters, association leaders(futou) and other “semi-official”(the third realm) played respectively in the social structure. The inter-relationship among all of these actors is redefined as well. Related Articles | Metrics

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Wang Yuan:His Friendships and Lifetime Loyalty to the Min LIU Zhong-Hua 2007, 0(1): 65-74.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1106KB) ( )   Wang Yuan was an important disciple of Yan-Li school, and an advocate of the statecraft study style of the early Qing. As an adherent of the Ming, there was a close connection between Wang Yuan’s friendships and the formation of his scholarship. Wang Yuan’s life time experience of making friends was the epitome of the experience of a Ming loyalist’s life in the early Qing, and reflected the social and political conditions of the time as well. The development and changes of Wang Yuan’s scholarship presented the trend of the statecraft study style in the early Qing. Related Articles | Metrics

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1839:Some Questions Regarding the Change in Zhang Mu’s Academic Career Lv Wen-Li 2007, 0(1): 75-85.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1223KB) ( )   The Year 1839, the eve of Opium War, was the turning point in Zhang Mu’s life. After taking part in the Imperial Examination in Shuntian, he was unexpectedly expelled from the examinations forever, and lost possibility of ever becoming an imperial official. From that moment forward, Zhang Mu followed a path of academic fame. In other words, the pre-1839 Zhang Mu and post-1839 Zhang Mu parted ways. He proposed the establishment of the Temple of Gu Yanwu, edited the Chronology of Gu Tingling, Chronology of Yan Qianqiu, and wrote Record of Mongolian Nomad. These works were a vivid manifestation of the potency of his lifelong academic pursuits. Related Articles | Metrics