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15 May 2008, Volume 0 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Debate on Literature and Essence:The Trend toward Confluence between the Emperor and the Intelligentsia in the Early Qing Dynasty YANG Nian-Qun 2008, 0(2): 1-36.  Abstract ( )   PDF (4116KB) ( )   In many periods of Chinese  cultural history, there were debates on literature(wen) and essence(zhi), but these debates took on a greater significance as they were extended and refreshed during the late Ming and the early Qing dynasties. First of all, the Manchu conquerors, who has been despised as an “inferior race,” brought a new life style to the people of China proper, and they aroused a lot ideological and social changes. Intellectuals had to rethink the traditional problem of “literature and essence” to face this new era. The Han concept of civilized people and barbarians, which had been connected with the geographical distinction between South and North, was seriously challenged and revised to fit the new rulers’concept of “great unity.” In terms of life style, whether to live extravagantly or unostentatiously was increasingly a metaphor for the tactics of domination, not an individual decision. This article will reveal the process of how the emperor and the intellectuals comprehended and expressed their ideas of “literature and essence” and analyze their complicated relationship in the early Qing Dynasty. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Economic Analysis of the History of Exchange of between China and Japan from the Seventeenth to Mid-Nineteenth Centuries:A Case Study of Chinese Local Gazetteers BA Zhao-Xiang 2008, 0(2): 37-48.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1164KB) ( )   The era of the seventeenth to mid-nineteenth centuries was one when the exchange of books between China and Japan was most frequent and common. The pattern of book exchange also changed greatly. Besides being articales of traditional cultural exchange, Chinese classic works took on the characteristics of commercial goods. Taking Chinese Local Gazetteers as a case study, this paper examines the number, channel, price and profit of Chinese local gazetteers’ export to Japan from seventeenth to mid-nineteenth centuries from the perspective of economics. The article also probes the characteristics of the local gazetteers traded between China and Japan and explores the reasons for Japanese collection of local gazetteers. From this perspective we obtain a deeper understanding of the importance of Chinese local gazetteers in the historical literary exchange between China and Japan. Related Articles | Metrics

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Modification of the late Qing Foreign Policy and its application to Korea CAO Wen 2008, 0(2): 49-63.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1671KB) ( )   Armed force was the setting of the modern Western international order. After entering China, it gradually suppressed the Chinese concept of world order which was the foundation of traditional Chinese foreign policy. This directly led to the encroachment on Chinese territory and the sovereignties of Chinese vassal states by the Western countries that had signed treaties with China. The Qing government responded by restoring the traditional system and using Western international laws to defend her rights and interests. Under the combined “Chinese Tradition-Foreign International law model”(zhong wai-wai) model, that this paper puts forward, the Qing government implemented not only the traditional methods of foreign policy, but also utilized modern international law. After 1880s, the Qing foreign policy toward Korea represented the practice of the hybrid “Chinese Tradition-Foreign International law” model. Related Articles | Metrics

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"Eight-landscape Culture" in Yunnan Drovince and the Change of Ecological Environment in the Qing Dynasty ZHOU Qiong 2008, 0(2): 64-73.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1128KB) ( )   Under the influence of central government’s administration and Chinese culture, a large number of “eight beautiful views” mainly characterized by ecological formed and intensely rich “eight-landscape culture” in Yunnan Province during the Ming and Qing dynasties. The development and flourishing of the eight-landscape culture as well as the related accounts of the eight beautiful views, not only reflected the ecological and environmental condition of Yunnan in the Qing dynasty, but also has great significance for historical research of the entire environment of the region. Related Articles | Metrics

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"Transgression" and "Regulation":The Transformation of the Fishery Regulation and the Coastal Society in Guangdong Province in early Qing Dynasty YANG Pei-Na 2008, 0(2): 74-87.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1597KB) ( )   This article argues that fishery regulation in the Qing Dynasty was directly related to the social turmoil of the late Ming and early Qing and the control of the people who lived in the Southeast coastal region, especially fishermen. In pursuit of their livelihood, fishermen challenged these restrictions, and their transgressions finally affected the transformation of the regulation. The author takes the transformation of the fishery regulation in Guangdong Province in early Qing Dynasty as a case and tries to exhume the complicated political, economic and social relationships between government regulation and the coastal society. Related Articles | Metrics