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15 November 2001, Volume 0 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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The Dual Ruling Structure of Pre-war Mid-nineteen-century Anhui ZHANG Yan 2001, 0(4): 1-13.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1218KB) ( )   One of the special characteristics of the traditional Chinese society was the similarity of the state and family structures. Developing over hundreds of years from the Yuan to the Qing, it culminated in the formation of a dual ruling structure that was dependent on the three basic strata of society and the circulation of personnel between the local gentry and government bureaucrats. This article investigates changes in the mutual dependency among the various levels of the ruling structure, and the strength of this structure in pre-war mid-nineteenth-century Anhui in order to understand the unique characteristics of the dual political structure of traditional China. The article provides a intriguing example of the trends in the development of the traditional political order. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Strength of Patriarchal Clans in Mid-nineteenth-century Anhui Society: An Examination of the Organization of the Nian Rebels and the Huai Army. MAO Li-Ping 2001, 0(4): 14-23.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1002KB) ( )   Civil war in the mid-nineteenth-century brought radical changes in traditional Chinese society. The opposing forces in Anhui province, the Nian Rebels and the Huai Army arose from the same social conditions and had the same foundation, the patriarchal clan. This article investigates patriarchal clan, and examines clan power at the grass roots level of Anhui society and its relationship with upper level political rulers.　 Related Articles | Metrics

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The Stockades of Northern Anhui in the Mid-nineteenth Century NIU Guan-Jie 2001, 0(4): 24-32.  Abstract ( )   PDF (880KB) ( )   Many stockades were built in the northern Anhui province during the mid-nineteenth century. By investigating these stockades, the article reveals the radical and profound social changes in the society of northern Anhui and the efforts of the state to reestablish political order. The author also analyzes the evolution of Chinese society at the grass roots level. Related Articles | Metrics

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Capable Officials of Ordinary Virtue Are Preferred to Clean Ones of Dogmatic Attitude —Another Consideration on Emperor Yongzheng’ s Way of Official-appointing GUO Cheng-Kang 2001, 0(4): 33-42.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1020KB) ( )   The emergence of the concept of “clean official” was to sum up the assessment to some ideal bureaucrats opposite to “corrupt official” in the ancient Chinese politics. About one hundred years in the 18th century, that is the so-called “Kang-Qian Grand Era”, the situation changed. Clean officials could hardly make, nor be able to make, however, many of them were not trustworthy in term of virtues. The article is trying to make a profound analysis to the affaire mentioned political phenomenon based on the another consideration of the traditional way of official-appointing by Emperor Yongzheng. Related Articles | Metrics

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Relations between the Later Jin State and Korea Before and After the Battle of Sarhu DIAO Shu-Ren 2001, 0(4): 43-50.  Abstract ( )   PDF (609KB) ( )   Due to the paucity of the Chinese historical materials, few scholars have researched the relations between the Later Jin and Korea.Fully utilizing Korean historical materials, the author discusses problems such as the reinforcement of Korean troops before and after the battle of Sarhu, the bilateral diplomacy of the Korean government and the intervention of the Ming government in the diplomacy between Korea and and the Later Jin. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Consonance and Dissonance Between the “System of Multitude of Lords” and the Qing Guest Ritual in the Eighteenth Century LUO Zhi-Tian 2001, 0(4): 51-55.  Abstract ( )   PDF (486KB) ( )   Challenging the interpretation of “Chinese world order”as the “tribute system” represented by J. K. Fairbank, J. L. Hevia recently claimed that it was the Qing Guest Ritual which embodied not only the principles and methods of the Qing court in its foreign relations, but also its broader concept of integrating world order. Moreover, Hevia emphasizes that “the Qing imagining of empire”lies in the notion that“the world was made up of a multitude of lords over whom Manchu emperors sought to position themselves as overlord.”This essay argues that, for the Manchu, the so-called system of multitude of lords and the Qing Guest Ritual were very different. Although they were connected to certain degree in the eighteenth century, the significant dissonance between them made the integration of the two as one world order unlikely. Related Articles | Metrics

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Chen Yuan’s Contributions to the Study of Qing History NIU Run-Zhen 2001, 0(4): 56-67.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1018KB) ( )   Chen Yuan’s scholarly contributions were in the field of the Qing studies. From his earliest scholarship to his later years, his entire career was devoted to Qing history and Qing studies. He studied religion and political history, historical documents and explored new realms of Qing history.His research revealed the relationship among religion and Qing politics, and culture, thoroughly examined The Learning of the Four Treasures, produced scientific studies on the taboos on using the personal names of emperors and elders, and studied calendars and textual criticism. He had opened up a range of the Qing archival materials, utilized quotations from Buddhist, handbooks, and personal communications of Qing scholars. His contributions to Qing studies were outstanding. Related Articles | Metrics

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“Dream of the Red Chamber” and the Culture of Manchu Language LIU Hou-Sheng 2001, 0(4): 68-73.  Abstract ( )   PDF (566KB) ( )   This article analyzes Manchu words in the first eighty chapters of “Dream of the Red Chamber”, to reveal the close relationship between this classic novel and the culture of Manchu language, and to illustrate the numerous Manchu words used in modern Chinese. Related Articles | Metrics

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The Date of the Martyrdom of Monsignor F.Hamer and the Limitations of Missionary Archives of C. I. C. M. -Scheut MI Chen-Feng 2001, 0(4): 74-84.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1115KB) ( )   Most western publications give July 24, 1900 as the date of the martyrdom of the Beligian missionary, Monsignor Ferdinand Hamer ( C. I. C. M. -Scheut) in Inner Mongolia, China. Hamer’s death was part of the Northern Boxer Incident that shocked the country and world. According to most accounts, his death occurred on the fifth day after his arrest on 20 July in the church of Ershisi Qingdi. However, previously overlooked Chinese archives of the Qing Dynasty indicate that the church was taken and the bishop arrested one day earlier on 19 July. Monsignor Hamer, therefore, was martyred on 23 July and not on 24 July. In the new millennium, it is necessary for scholars of missionary incidents in China, to reassess archival sources and historical publications. We should begin by clearing up such small misunderstandings as the date of the martyrdom of Monsignor Hamer before examining comprehensively and objectively other important historical obstacles to Sino-Vatican reconciliation. Related Articles | Metrics

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Western Frontier Development During the Early Qing CHENG Chong-De, SUN Zhe 2001, 0(4): 85-96.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1229KB) ( )   Considering the geographical conditions, population migration and the policy decisions of the government, this article undertakes a comprehensive study of frontier history during the early Qing, to provide a historical perspective for contemporary China’s development of the western regions. Related Articles | Metrics

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An Analysis of the Political and Economic Development of Modern Xinjiang QI Mei-Qin 2001, 0(4): 97-103.  Abstract ( )   PDF (692KB) ( )   Compared to other borderlands, the political development of modern Xinjiang was distinguished by three aspects: the establishment of Xinjiang province,“the six polices”of Sheng Shicai, and the creation of a unified provincial government. The article analyzes process, administration, and results of the economic development of modern Xinjiang. Related Articles | Metrics